College physics for ap® courses

OpenStax

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0.1 About openstax

0.2 About openstax resources

0.3 Customization

0.6 About College Physics for AP® Courses

0.7 Coverage, scope, and alignment to the ap® curriculum

0.8 Pedagogical foundation and features

0.10 Ap physics collection

0.11 Additional resources

0.12 Student and instructor resources

0.13 Partner resources

0.14 About the authors

0.15 Senior contributing authors

0.16 Advanced placement teacher reviewers

0.17 Faculty reviewers

0.18 To the ap® physics student

0.19 To the ap® physics teacher

1 Atomic masses

2 Selected radioactive isotopes

3 Useful information

4 Glossary of key symbols and notation

Introduction: the nature of science and physics

Connection for ap® courses

1 Physics: an introduction

1.1 Learning objectives

1.2 Science and the realm of physics

1.3 Applications of physics

1.4 Models, theories, and laws; the role of experimentation

1.5 The evolution of natural philosophy into modern physics

1.7 Conceptual questions

2 Physical quantities and units

3 Accuracy, precision, and significant figures

3.1 Learning objectives

3.2 Accuracy and precision of a measurement

3.3 Accuracy, precision, and uncertainty

3.4 Percent uncertainty

3.5 Uncertainties in calculations

3.6 Precision of measuring tools and significant figures

3.8 Significant figures in calculations

3.9 Significant figures in this text

3.11 Conceptual questions

3.12 Problems & Exercises

4 Approximation

Connection for ap® courses

2 Vectors, scalars, and coordinate systems

3 Time, velocity, and speed

4.1 Learning objectives

4.2 Instantaneous acceleration

4.3 Sign and direction

4.4 Section summary

4.5 Conceptual questions

4.6 Problems & Exercises

4.7 Test prep for ap courses

5 Motion equations for constant acceleration in one dimension

5.1 Learning objectives

5.2 Notation: t , x , v , a

5.3 Putting equations together

5.4 Calculating displacement: how far does a car go when coming to a halt?

5.5 Section summary

5.6 Problems & Exercises

5.7 Test prep for ap courses

6 Problem-solving basics for one dimensional kinematics

7 Falling objects

8 Graphical analysis of one dimensional motion

Two-dimensional kinematics

Connection for ap® courses

1 Kinematics in two dimensions: an introduction

2 Vector addition and subtraction: graphical methods

2.1 Learning objectives

2.2 Vectors in two dimensions

2.3 Vector addition: head-to-tail method

2.4 Adding vectors graphically using the head-to-tail method: a woman takes

2.5 Vector subtraction

2.6 Multiplication of vectors and scalars

2.7 Resolving a vector into components

2.8 Test prep for ap courses

2.10 Conceptual questions

2.11 Problems & Exercises

3 Vector addition and subtraction: analytical methods

4 Projectile motion

4.1 Learning objectives

4.2 A fireworks projectile explodes high and away

4.3 Calculating projectile motion: hot rock projectile

4.4 Test prep for ap courses

4.6 Conceptual questions

4.7 Problems & Exercises

5 Addition of velocities

5.1 Learning objectives

5.2 Relative velocity

5.3 Calculating velocity: wind velocity causes an airplane to drift

5.4 Relative velocities and classical relativity

5.5 Calculating relative velocity: an airline passenger drops a coin

5.7 Conceptual questions

5.8 Problems & Exercises

Dynamics: force and newton's laws of motion

Connection for ap® courses

1 Development of force concept

2 Newton's first law of motion: inertia

3 Newton's second law of motion: concept of a system

4 Newton's third law of motion: symmetry in forces

5 Normal, tension, and other examples of force

5.1 Learning objectives

5.2 Normal force

5.3 Weight on an incline, a two-dimensional problem

5.5 What is the tension in a tightrope?

5.6 Extended topic: real forces and inertial frames

5.7 Test prep for ap courses

5.8 Section summary

5.9 Conceptual questions

5.10 Problem exercises

6 Problem-solving strategies

6.1 Learning objectives

6.2 Problem-solving strategy for newton’s laws of motion

6.3 Test prep for ap courses

6.4 Section summary

6.5 Problem exercises

7 Further applications of newton's laws of motion

7.1 Learning objectives

7.2 Drag force on a barge

7.3 Different tensions at different angles

7.4 What does the bathroom scale read in an elevator?

7.5 Integrating concepts: newton’s laws of motion and kinematics

7.6 What force must a soccer player exert to reach top speed?

7.7 Test prep for ap courses

7.9 Conceptual questions

7.10 Problem exercises

8 Extended topic: the four basic forces—an introduction

8.1 Learning objectives

8.2 Action at a distance: concept of a field

8.3 Test prep for ap courses

8.5 Conceptual questions

8.6 Problem exercises

Further applications of newton's laws: friction, drag, and elasticity

Connection for ap® courses

3 Elasticity: stress and strain

3.1 Learning objectives

3.2 Changes in length—tension and compression: elastic modulus

3.3 Sideways stress: shear modulus

3.4 Changes in volume: bulk modulus

3.5 Section summary

3.6 Conceptual questions

3.7 Problems & Exercises

Gravitation and uniform circular motion

Connection for ap® courses

1 Rotation angle and angular velocity

1.1 Learning objectives

1.2 Rotation angle

1.3 Angular velocity

1.4 Section summary

1.5 Conceptual questions

1.6 Problem exercises

2 Centripetal acceleration

3 Centripetal force

3.1 Learning objectives

3.2 What coefficient of friction do car tires need on a flat curve?

3.3 Section summary

3.4 Conceptual questions

3.5 Problems exercise

4 Fictitious forces and non-inertial frames: the coriolis force

5 Newton's universal law of gravitation

6 Satellites and kepler's laws: an argument for simplicity

Work, energy, and energy resources

Connection for ap® courses

1 Work: the scientific definition

2 Kinetic energy and the work-energy theorem

2.1 Learning objectives

2.2 Work transfers energy

2.3 Net work and the work-energy theorem

2.4 Determining the work to accelerate a package

2.5 Test prep for ap courses

2.6 Section summary

2.7 Conceptual questions

2.8 Problems & Exercises

3 Gravitational potential energy

4 Conservative forces and potential energy

5 Nonconservative forces

5.1 Learning objectives

5.2 Nonconservative forces and friction

5.3 How nonconservative forces affect mechanical energy

5.4 How the work-energy theorem applies

5.5 Applying energy conservation with nonconservative forces

5.6 Test prep for ap courses

5.7 Section summary

5.8 Problems & Exercises

6 Conservation of energy

6.1 Learning objectives

6.2 Law of conservation of energy

6.3 Other forms of energy than mechanical energy

6.4 Some of the many forms of energy

6.5 Transformation of energy

6.7 Test prep for ap courses

6.8 Section summary

6.9 Conceptual questions

6.10 Problems & Exercises

8 Work, energy, and power in humans

9 World energy use

Linear momentum and collisions

Connection for ap® courses

1 Linear momentum and force

1.1 Learning objectives

1.2 Linear momentum

1.3 Momentum and newton’s second law

1.4 Test prep for ap courses

1.5 Section summary

1.6 Conceptual questions

1.7 Problems & Exercises

2.1 Learning objectives

2.2 Calculating magnitudes of impulses: two billiard balls striking a rigid

2.3 Test prep for ap courses

2.4 Section summary

2.5 Conceptual questions

2.6 Problems & Exercises

3 Conservation of momentum

4 Elastic collisions in one dimension

5 Inelastic collisions in one dimension

6 Collisions of point masses in two dimensions

7 Introduction to rocket propulsion

7.1 Learning objectives

7.2 Section summary

7.3 Conceptual questions

7.4 Problems & Exercises

Statics and torque

Connection for ap® courses

1 The first condition for equilibrium

1.1 Learning objectives

1.2 Section summary

1.3 Conceptual questions

2 The second condition for equilibrium

4 Applications of statics, including problem-solving strategies

5 Simple machines

6 Forces and torques in muscles and joints

6.1 Learning objectives

6.2 Do not lift with your back

6.3 Section summary

6.4 Conceptual questions

6.5 Problems & Exercises

6.6 Test prep for ap courses

Rotational motion and angular momentum

Connection for ap® courses

1 Angular acceleration

2 Kinematics of rotational motion

2.1 Learning objectives

2.2 Calculating the acceleration of a fishing reel

2.3 Section summary

2.4 Problems & Exercises

3 Dynamics of rotational motion: rotational inertia

4 Rotational kinetic energy: work and energy revisited

4.1 Learning objectives

4.2 Calculating the work and energy for spinning a grindstone

4.3 Calculating helicopter energies

4.4 How thick is the soup? or why don't all objects roll downhill at the

4.5 Test prep for ap courses

4.6 Section summary

4.7 Conceptual questions

4.8 Problems & Exercises

5 Angular momentum and its conservation

6 Collisions of extended bodies in two dimensions

7 Gyroscopic effects: vector aspects of angular momentum

Connection for ap® courses

1 What is a fluid?

2.1 Learning objectives

2.2 Test prep for ap courses

2.3 Section summary

2.4 Conceptual questions

2.5 Problems & Exercises

4 Variation of pressure with depth in a fluid

5 Pascal’s principle

5.1 Learning objectives

5.2 Application of pascal's principle

5.3 Relationship between forces in a hydraulic system

5.4 Section summary

5.5 Conceptual questions

5.6 Problems & Exercises

6 Gauge pressure, absolute pressure, and pressure measurement

7 Archimedes’ principle

7.1 Learning objectives

7.2 Floating and sinking

7.3 Calculating buoyant force: dependency on shape

7.4 Density and archimedes' principle

7.5 More density measurements

7.6 Section summary

7.7 Conceptual questions

7.8 Problem exercises

8 Cohesion and adhesion in liquids: surface tension and capillary action

9 Pressures in the body

Fluid dynamics and its biological and medical applications

Connection for ap® courses

1 Flow rate and its relation to velocity

2 Bernoulli’s equation

2.1 Learning objectives

2.2 Bernoulli's equation

2.3 Bernoulli's equation for static fluids

2.4 Bernoulli's principle—bernoulli's equation at constant depth

2.5 Applications of bernoulli's principle

2.6 Entrainment

2.7 Wings and sails

2.8 Velocity measurement

2.10 Conceptual questions

2.11 Problems & Exercises

2.12 Test prep for ap courses

3 The most general applications of bernoulli’s equation

4 Viscosity and laminar flow; poiseuille’s law

4.1 Learning objectives

4.2 Laminar flow and viscosity

4.3 Laminar flow confined to tubes—poiseuille's law

4.4 Flow and resistance as causes of pressure drops

4.5 Section summary

4.6 Conceptual questions

4.7 Problems & Exercises

5 The onset of turbulence

6 Motion of an object in a viscous fluid

7 Molecular transport phenomena: diffusion, osmosis, and related processes

7.1 Learning objectives

7.3 The rate and direction of diffusion

7.4 Osmosis and dialysis—diffusion across membranes

7.5 Section summary

7.6 Conceptual questions

7.7 Problem exercises

Temperature, kinetic theory, and the gas laws

Connection for ap® courses

1.1 Learning objectives

1.2 Temperature scales

1.3 Temperature ranges in the universe

1.4 Thermal equilibrium and the zeroth law of thermodynamics

1.5 Section summary

1.6 Conceptual questions

1.7 Problems & Exercises

2 Thermal expansion of solids and liquids

3 The ideal gas law

4 Kinetic theory: atomic and molecular explanation of pressure and

4.1 Learning objectives

4.2 Calculating kinetic energy and speed of a gas molecule

4.3 Distribution of molecular speeds

4.4 Calculating temperature: escape velocity of helium atoms

4.5 Test prep for ap courses

4.6 Section summary

4.7 Conceptual questions

4.8 Problems & Exercises

5 Phase changes

5.1 Learning objectives

5.2 PV Diagrams

5.3 Phase diagrams

5.4 Equilibrium

5.5 Vapor pressure, partial pressure, and dalton’s law

5.6 Section summary

5.7 Conceptual questions

6 Humidity, evaporation, and boiling

Heat and heat transfer methods

Connection for ap® courses

2 Temperature change and heat capacity

2.1 Learning objectives

2.2 Calculating the temperature increase from the work done on a substance

2.3 Calculating the final temperature when heat is transferred between two

2.5 Conceptual questions

2.6 Problems & Exercises

3 Phase change and latent heat

3.1 Learning objectives

3.2 Calculate final temperature from phase change: cooling soda with ice

3.3 Problem-solving strategies for the effects of heat transfer

3.5 Conceptual questions

3.6 Problems & Exercises

4 Heat transfer methods

Connection for ap® courses

1 The first law of thermodynamics

2 The first law of thermodynamics and some simple processes

3 Introduction to the second law of thermodynamics: heat engines and their

4 Carnot’s perfect heat engine: the second law of thermodynamics restated

4.1 Learning objectives

4.2 Maximum theoretical efficiency for a nuclear reactor

4.3 Section summary

4.4 Conceptual questions

4.5 Problem exercises

5 Applications of thermodynamics: heat pumps and refrigerators

5.1 Learning objectives

5.3 Air conditioners and refrigerators

5.4 Section summary

5.5 Conceptual questions

5.6 Problem exercises

6 Entropy and the second law of thermodynamics: disorder and the unavailability

6.1 Learning objectives

6.2 Entropy increases in an irreversible (real) process

6.3 Entropy and the unavailability of energy to do work

6.4 Heat death of the universe: an overdose of entropy

6.5 Order to disorder

6.6 Life, evolution, and the second law of thermodynamics

6.7 Test prep for ap courses

6.8 Section summary

6.9 Conceptual questions

6.10 Problem exercises

7 Statistical interpretation of entropy and the second law of thermodynamics

Oscillatory motion and waves

Connection for ap® courses

1 Hooke’s law: stress and strain revisited

1.1 Learning objectives

1.2 Energy in hooke’s law of deformation

1.3 Test prep for ap courses

1.4 Section summary

1.5 Conceptual questions

1.6 Problems & Exercises

2 Period and frequency in oscillations

2.1 Learning objectives

2.2 Test prep for ap courses

2.3 Section summary

2.4 Problems & Exercises

3 Simple harmonic motion: a special periodic motion

4 The simple pendulum

5 Energy and the simple harmonic oscillator

6 Uniform circular motion and simple harmonic motion

7 Damped harmonic motion

8 Forced oscillations and resonance

10 Superposition and interference

11 Energy in waves: intensity

Physics of hearing

Connection for ap® courses

2 Speed of sound, frequency, and wavelength

3 Sound intensity and sound level

4 Doppler effect and sonic booms

5 Sound interference and resonance: standing waves in air columns

Electric charge and electric field

Connection for ap® courses

1 Static electricity and charge: conservation of charge

2 Conductors and insulators

2.1 Learning objectives

2.2 Charging by contact

2.3 Charging by induction

2.4 Test prep for ap courses

2.5 Section summary

2.6 Conceptual questions

2.7 Problems & Exercises

3 Conductors and electric fields in static equilibrium

3.1 Learning objectives

3.2 Earth's electric field

3.3 Electric fields on uneven surfaces

3.4 Applications of conductors

3.5 Test prep for ap courses

3.6 Section summary

3.7 Conceptual questions

3.8 Problems & Exercises

4 Coulomb’s law

4.1 Learning objectives

4.2 Test prep for ap courses

4.3 Section summary

4.4 Conceptual questions

4.5 Problems & Exercises

5 Electric field: concept of a field revisited

5.1 Learning objectives

5.2 Concept of a field

5.3 Test prep for ap courses

5.4 Section summary

5.5 Conceptual questions

5.6 Problem exercises

6 Electric field lines: multiple charges

6.1 Learning objectives

6.2 Adding electric fields

6.3 Test prep for ap courses

6.4 Section summary

6.5 Conceptual questions

6.6 Problem exercises

7 Electric forces in biology

7.1 Learning objectives

7.2 Polarity of water molecules

7.3 Section summary

7.4 Conceptual question

8 Applications of electrostatics

Electric potential and electric field

Connection for ap® courses

1 Electric potential energy: potential difference

2 Electric potential in a uniform electric field

3 Electrical potential due to a point charge

4 Equipotential lines

4.1 Learning objectives

4.2 Test prep for ap courses

4.3 Section summary

4.4 Conceptual questions

4.5 Problems & Exercises

5 Capacitors and dielectrics

5.1 Learning objectives

5.2 Parallel plate capacitor

5.4 Test prep for ap courses

5.5 Section summary

5.6 Conceptual questions

5.7 Problems & Exercises

6 Capacitors in series and parallel

6.1 Learning objectives

6.2 Capacitance in series

6.3 Capacitors in parallel

6.4 Section summary

6.5 Conceptual questions

6.6 Problems & Exercises

7 Energy stored in capacitors

Electric current, resistance, and ohm's law

Connection for ap® courses

1.1 Learning objectives

1.2 Electric current

1.3 Drift velocity

1.4 Test prep for ap courses

1.5 Section summary

1.6 Conceptual questions

1.7 Problems & Exercises

2 Ohm’s law: resistance and simple circuits

3 Resistance and resistivity

3.1 Learning objectives

3.2 Material and shape dependence of resistance

3.3 Temperature variation of resistance

3.4 Test prep for ap courses

3.5 Section summary

3.6 Conceptual questions

3.7 Problems & Exercises

4 Electric power and energy

4.1 Learning objectives

4.2 Power in electric circuits

4.3 The cost of electricity

4.4 Test prep for ap courses

4.5 Section summary

4.6 Conceptual questions

4.7 Problem exercises

5 Alternating current versus direct current

6 Electric hazards and the human body

7 Nerve conduction–electrocardiograms

7.1 Learning objectives

7.2 Nerve conduction

7.3 Electrocardiograms

7.4 Section summary

7.5 Conceptual questions

7.6 Problems & Exercises

Circuits, bioelectricity, and dc instruments

Connection for ap® courses

1 Resistors in series and parallel

2 Electromotive force: terminal voltage

3 Kirchhoff’s rules

4 Dc voltmeters and ammeters

5 Null measurements

5.1 Learning objectives

5.2 The potentiometer

5.3 Resistance measurements and the wheatstone bridge

5.4 Section summary

5.5 Conceptual questions

5.6 Problem exercises

6 Dc circuits containing resistors and capacitors

Connection for ap® courses

1.1 Learning objectives

1.2 Section summary

1.3 Conceptual questions

2 Ferromagnets and electromagnets

3 Magnetic fields and magnetic field lines

4 Magnetic field strength: force on a moving charge in a magnetic field

5 Force on a moving charge in a magnetic field: examples and applications

6 The hall effect

6.1 Learning objectives

6.2 Test prep for ap courses

6.3 Section summary

6.4 Conceptual questions

6.5 Problems & Exercises

7 Magnetic force on a current-carrying conductor

8 Torque on a current loop: motors and meters

9 Magnetic fields produced by currents: ampere’s law

9.1 Learning objectives

9.2 Magnetic field created by a long straight current-carrying wire: right

9.3 Ampere’s law and others

9.4 Magnetic field produced by a current-carrying circular loop

9.5 Magnetic field produced by a current-carrying solenoid

9.6 Test prep for ap courses

9.7 Section summary

9.8 Conceptual questions

10 Magnetic force between two parallel conductors

11 More applications of magnetism

Electromagnetic induction, ac circuits, and electrical technologies

Connection for ap® courses

1 Induced emf and magnetic flux

2 Faraday’s law of induction: lenz’s law

2.1 Learning objectives

2.2 Faraday’s and lenz’s law

2.3 Applications of electromagnetic induction

2.4 Section summary

2.5 Conceptual questions

2.6 Problems & Exercises

4 Eddy currents and magnetic damping

4.1 Learning objectives

4.2 Eddy currents and magnetic damping

4.3 Applications of magnetic damping

4.4 Section summary

4.5 Conceptual questions

4.6 Problems & Exercises

5 Electric generators

8 Electrical safety: systems and devices

9.1 Learning objectives

9.3 Energy stored in an inductor

9.4 Section summary

9.5 Conceptual questions

9.6 Problems & Exercises

11 Reactance, inductive and capacitive

11.1 Learning objectives

11.2 Inductors and inductive reactance

11.3 Capacitors and capacitive reactance

11.4 Resistors in an ac circuit

11.5 Section summary

11.6 Conceptual questions

11.7 Problems & Exercises

12 Rlc series ac circuits

12.1 Learning objectives

12.3 Resonance in RLC Series ac circuits

12.4 Power in RLC Series ac circuits

12.5 Section summary

12.6 Conceptual questions

12.7 Problems & Exercises

Electromagnetic waves

Connection for ap® courses

0.1 Discovering a new phenomenon

1 Maxwell’s equations: electromagnetic waves predicted and observed

2 Production of electromagnetic waves

2.1 Learning objectives

2.2 Electric and magnetic waves: moving together

2.3 Receiving electromagnetic waves

2.4 Relating E -field and B -field strengths

2.5 Test prep for ap courses

2.6 Section summary

2.7 Conceptual questions

2.8 Problems & Exercises

3 The electromagnetic spectrum

3.1 Learning objectives

3.2 Transmission, reflection, and absorption

3.3 Radio and tv waves

3.4 Fm radio waves

3.5 Radio wave interference

3.7 Heating with microwaves

3.8 Infrared radiation

3.9 Visible light

3.10 Integrated concept problem: correcting vision with lasers

3.11 Ultraviolet radiation

3.12 Human exposure to uv radiation

3.13 Uv light and the ozone layer

3.14 Benefits of uv light

3.16 Gamma rays

3.17 Detecting electromagnetic waves from space

3.18 Test prep for ap courses

3.19 Section summary

3.20 Conceptual questions

3.21 Problems & Exercises

4 Energy in electromagnetic waves

Geometric optics

Connection for ap® courses

1 The ray aspect of light

2 The law of reflection

3 The law of refraction

3.1 Learning objectives

3.2 The speed of light

3.3 Law of refraction

3.4 Test prep for ap courses

3.5 Section summary

3.6 Conceptual questions

3.7 Problems & Exercises

4 Total internal reflection

5 Dispersion: the rainbow and prisms

6 Image formation by lenses

7 Image formation by mirrors

7.1 Learning objectives

7.2 A concave reflector

7.3 Solar electric generating system

7.4 Image in a convex mirror

7.5 Problem-solving strategy for mirrors

7.6 Test prep for ap courses

7.7 Section summary

7.8 Conceptual questions

7.9 Problems & Exercises

Vision and optical instruments

Connection for ap® courses

1 Physics of the eye

2 Vision correction

3 Color and color vision

3.1 Learning objectives

3.2 Simple theory of color vision

3.3 Color constancy and a modified theory of color vision

3.4 Test prep for ap courses

3.5 Section summary

3.6 Conceptual questions

4.1 Learning objectives

4.2 Microscope magnification

4.3 Test prep for ap courses

4.4 Section summary

4.5 Conceptual questions

4.6 Problem exercises

Connection for ap® courses

1 The wave aspect of light: interference

2 Huygens's principle: diffraction

3 Young’s double slit experiment

4 Multiple slit diffraction

5 Single slit diffraction

6 Limits of resolution: the rayleigh criterion

6.1 Learning objectives

6.2 Calculating diffraction limits of the hubble space telescope

6.3 Test prep for ap courses

6.4 Section summary

6.5 Conceptual questions

6.6 Problems & Exercises

7 Thin film interference

9 *extended topic* microscopy enhanced by the wave characteristics of

Special relativity

Connection for ap® courses

1 Einstein’s postulates

2 Simultaneity and time dilation

3 Length contraction

4 Relativistic addition of velocities

5 Relativistic momentum

6 Relativistic energy

Introduction to quantum physics

Connection for ap® courses

1 Quantization of energy

2 The photoelectric effect

3 Photon energies and the electromagnetic spectrum

4 Photon momentum

4.1 Learning objectives

4.2 Measuring photon momentum

4.3 Electron and photon momentum compared

4.4 Relativistic photon momentum

4.5 Test prep for ap courses

4.6 Test prep for ap courses

4.7 Section summary

4.8 Conceptual questions

4.9 Problems & Exercises

5 The particle-wave duality

5.1 Learning objectives

5.2 Test prep for ap courses

5.3 Section summary

6 The wave nature of matter

7 Probability: the heisenberg uncertainty principle

8 The particle-wave duality reviewed

Connection for ap® courses

1 Discovery of the atom

2 Discovery of the parts of the atom: electrons and nuclei

3 Bohr’s theory of the hydrogen atom

4 X rays: atomic origins and applications

5 Applications of atomic excitations and de-excitations

6 The wave nature of matter causes quantization

7 Patterns in spectra reveal more quantization

8 Quantum numbers and rules

9 The pauli exclusion principle

9.1 Learning objectives

9.2 Multiple-electron atoms

9.3 Shells and subshells

9.4 Shell filling and the periodic table

9.5 Section summary

9.6 Conceptual questions

9.7 Problem exercises

Radioactivity and nuclear physics

Connection for ap® courses

1 Nuclear radioactivity

1.1 Learning objectives

1.2 Discovery of nuclear radioactivity

1.3 Alpha, beta, and gamma

1.4 Ionization and range

1.5 Test prep for ap courses

1.6 Section summary

1.7 Conceptual questions

2 Radiation detection and detectors

3 Substructure of the nucleus

4 Nuclear decay and conservation laws

5 Half-life and activity

5.1 Learning objectives

5.3 Activity, the rate of decay

5.4 How great is the 14 C Activity in living tissue?

5.5 Human and medical applications

5.6 Test prep for ap courses

5.7 Section summary

5.8 Conceptual questions

5.9 Problems & Exercises

6 Binding energy

6.1 Learning objectives

6.2 Problem-solving strategies

6.3 For reaction and binding energies and activity calculations in nuclear

6.4 Section summary

6.5 Conceptual questions

6.6 Test prep for ap courses

6.7 Problems & Exercises

Medical applications of nuclear physics

Connection for ap® courses

1 Medical imaging and diagnostics

1.1 Learning objectives

1.2 Medical application

1.3 Section summary

1.4 Conceptual questions

1.5 Problems & Exercises

2 Biological effects of ionizing radiation

2.1 Learning objectives

2.2 Radiation protection

2.3 Problem-solving strategy

2.4 Dose from inhaled plutonium

2.5 Risk versus benefit

2.6 Test prep for ap courses

2.7 Section summary

2.8 Conceptual questions

2.9 Problems & Exercises

3 Therapeutic uses of ionizing radiation

4 Food irradiation

5.1 Learning objectives

5.2 Calculating energy and power from fusion

5.3 Test prep for ap courses

5.4 Section summary

5.5 Conceptual questions

5.6 Problems & Exercises

6.1 Learning objectives

6.2 Test prep for ap courses

6.3 Section summary

6.4 Conceptual questions

6.5 Problem exercises

7 Nuclear weapons

Particle physics

Connection for ap® courses

1 The yukawa particle and the heisenberg uncertainty principle revisited

2 The four basic forces

3 Accelerators create matter from energy

3.1 Learning objectives

3.2 Early accelerators

3.3 Modern behemoths and colliding beams

3.4 Test prep for ap courses

3.6 Conceptual questions

3.7 Problems & Exercises

4 Particles, patterns, and conservation laws

4.1 Learning objectives

4.2 Matter and antimatter

4.3 Hadrons and leptons

4.4 Mesons and baryons

4.5 Forces, reactions, and reaction rates

4.6 Calculating quantum numbers in two decays

4.7 Test prep for ap courses

4.9 Conceptual questions

4.10 Problems & Exercises

5 Quarks: is that all there is?

5.1 Learning objectives

5.2 Conception of quarks

5.3 How does it work?

5.4 All combinations are possible

5.5 Now, let us talk about direct evidence

5.6 Quarks have their ups and downs

5.7 What's color got to do with it?—a whiter shade of pale

5.8 The three families

5.9 Test prep for ap courses

5.11 Conceptual questions

5.12 Problems & Exercises

6 Guts: the unification of forces

Frontiers of physics

Connection for ap® courses

1 Cosmology and particle physics

1.1 Learning objectives

1.2 Section summary

1.3 Conceptual questions

1.4 Problems & Exercises

2 General relativity and quantum gravity

2.1 Learning objectives

2.2 General relativity

2.3 Quantum gravity

2.4 Section summary

2.5 Conceptual questions

2.6 Problems & Exercises

4 Dark matter and closure

4.1 Learning objectives

4.3 Theoretical yearnings for closure

4.4 What is the dark matter we see indirectly?

4.5 Section summary

4.6 Conceptual questions

4.7 Problems exercises

5 Complexity and chaos

6 High-temperature superconductors

6.1 Learning objectives

6.2 Section summary

6.3 Conceptual questions

6.4 Problem exercises

7 Some questions we know to ask

7.1 Learning objectives

7.2 On the largest scale

7.3 On the intermediate scale

7.4 On the smallest scale

7.5 Section summary

7.6 Conceptual questions

Source: OpenStax, College physics for ap® courses. OpenStax CNX. Nov 04, 2016 Download for free at https://legacy.cnx.org/content/col11844/1.14

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