Anatomy & Physiology

OpenStax

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0.1 About openstax

0.2 About openstax’s resources

0.3 Customization

0.6 About Anatomy and Physiology

0.7 Coverage and scope

0.8 Unit 1: levels of organization

0.9 Unit 2: support and movement

0.10 Unit 3: regulation, integration, and control

0.11 Unit 4: fluids and transport

0.12 Unit 5: energy, maintenance, and environmental exchange

0.13 Unit 6: human development and the continuity of life

0.14 Pedagogical foundation and features

0.15 Dynamic, learner-centered art

0.16 Micrographs

0.17 Learning resources

0.18 About our team

0.19 Senior contributing authors

0.21 Contributing authors

0.22 Special thanks

Unit 1: levels of organization

1 An introduction to the human body

1.1 Overview of anatomy and physiology

1.2 Structural organization of the human body

1.3 Functions of human life

1.4 Requirements for human life

1.5 Homeostasis

1.6 Anatomical terminology

1.7 Medical imaging

2 The chemical level of organization

2.1 Elements and atoms: the building blocks of matter

2.2 Chemical bonds

2.3 Chemical reactions

2.4 Inorganic compounds essential to human functioning

2.5 Organic compounds essential to human functioning

3 The cellular level of organization

3.1 The cell membrane

3.2 The cytoplasm and cellular organelles

3.3 The nucleus and dna replication

3.4 Protein synthesis

3.5 Cell growth and division

3.6 Cellular differentiation

4 The tissue level of organization

4.1 Types of tissues

4.2 Epithelial tissue

4.3 Connective tissue supports and protects

4.4 Muscle tissue and motion

4.5 Nervous tissue mediates perception and response

4.6 Tissue injury and aging

Unit 2: support and movement

5 The integumentary system

5.1 Layers of the skin

5.2 Accessory structures of the skin

5.3 Functions of the integumentary system

5.4 Diseases, disorders, and injuries of the integumentary system

6 Bone tissue and the skeletal system

6.1 The functions of the skeletal system

6.2 Bone classification

6.3 Bone structure

6.4 Bone formation and development

6.5 Fractures: bone repair

6.6 Exercise, nutrition, hormones, and bone tissue

6.7 Calcium homeostasis: interactions of the skeletal system and other organ

7 Axial skeleton

7.1 Divisions of the skeletal system

7.3 The vertebral column

7.4 The thoracic cage

7.5 Embryonic development of the axial skeleton

8 The appendicular skeleton

8.1 The pectoral girdle

8.2 Bones of the upper limb

8.3 The pelvic girdle and pelvis

8.4 Bones of the lower limb

8.5 Development of the appendicular skeleton

9.1 Classification of joints

9.2 Fibrous joints

9.3 Cartilaginous joints

9.4 Synovial joints

9.5 Types of body movements

9.6 Anatomy of selected synovial joints

9.7 Development of joints

10 Muscle tissue

10.1 Overview of muscle tissues

10.2 Skeletal muscle

10.3 Muscle fiber contraction and relaxation

10.4 Nervous system control of muscle tension

10.5 Types of muscle fibers

10.6 Exercise and muscle performance

10.7 Cardiac muscle tissue

10.8 Smooth muscle

10.9 Development and regeneration of muscle tissue

11 The muscular system

11.1 Interactions of skeletal muscles, their fascicle arrangement, and their

11.2 Naming skeletal muscles

11.3 Axial muscles of the head, neck, and back

11.4 Axial muscles of the abdominal wall and thorax

11.5 Muscles of the pectoral girdle and upper limbs

11.6 Appendicular muscles of the pelvic girdle and lower limbs

Unit 3: regulation, integration, and control

12 The nervous system and nervous tissue

12.1 Basic structure and function of the nervous system

12.2 Nervous tissue

12.3 The function of nervous tissue

12.4 The action potential

12.5 Communication between neurons

13 Anatomy of the nervous system

13.1 The embryologic perspective

13.2 The central nervous system

13.3 Circulation and the central nervous system

13.4 The peripheral nervous system

14 The somatic nervous system

14.1 Sensory perception

14.2 Central processing

14.3 Motor responses

15 The autonomic nervous system

15.1 Divisions of the autonomic nervous system

15.2 Autonomic reflexes and homeostasis

15.3 Central control

15.4 Drugs that affect the autonomic system

16 The neurological exam

16.1 Overview of the neurological exam

16.2 The mental status exam

16.3 The cranial nerve exam

16.4 The sensory and motor exams

16.5 The coordination and gait exams

17 The endocrine system

17.1 An overview of the endocrine system

17.3 The pituitary gland and hypothalamus

17.4 The thyroid gland

17.5 The parathyroid glands

17.6 The adrenal glands

17.7 The pineal gland

17.8 Gonadal and placental hormones

17.9 The endocrine pancreas

17.10 Organs with secondary endocrine functions

17.11 Development and aging of the endocrine system

Unit 4: fluids and transport

18 The cardiovascular system: blood

18.1 An overview of blood

18.2 Production of the formed elements

18.3 Erythrocytes

18.4 Leukocytes and platelets

18.5 Hemostasis

18.6 Blood typing

19 The cardiovascular system: the heart

19.1 Heart anatomy

19.2 Cardiac muscle and electrical activity

19.3 Cardiac cycle

19.4 Cardiac physiology

19.5 Development of the heart

20 The cardiovascular system: blood vessels and circulation

20.1 Structure and function of blood vessels

20.2 Blood flow, blood pressure, and resistance

20.3 Capillary exchange

20.4 Homeostatic regulation of the vascular system

20.5 Circulatory pathways

20.6 Development of blood vessels and fetal circulation

21 The lymphatic and immune system

21.1 Anatomy of the lymphatic and immune systems

21.2 Barrier defenses and the innate immune response

21.3 The adaptive immune response: t lymphocytes and their functional types

21.4 The adaptive immune response: b-lymphocytes and antibodies

21.5 The immune response against pathogens

21.6 Diseases associated with depressed or overactive immune responses

21.7 Transplantation and cancer immunology

Unit 5: energy, maintenance, and environmental exchange

22 The respiratory system

22.1 Organs and structures of the respiratory system

22.3 The process of breathing

22.4 Gas exchange

22.5 Transport of gases

22.6 Modifications in respiratory functions

22.7 Embryonic development of the respiratory system

23 The digestive system

23.1 Overview of the digestive system

23.2 Digestive system processes and regulation

23.3 The mouth, pharynx, and esophagus

23.4 The stomach

23.5 The small and large intestines

23.6 Accessory organs in digestion: the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder

23.7 Chemical digestion and absorption: a closer look

24 Metabolism and nutrition

24.1 Overview of metabolic reactions

24.2 Carbohydrate metabolism

24.3 Lipid metabolism

24.4 Protein metabolism

24.5 Metabolic states of the body

24.6 Energy and heat balance

24.7 Nutrition and diet

25 The urinary system

25.1 Physical characteristics of urine

25.2 Gross anatomy of urine transport

25.3 Gross anatomy of the kidney

25.4 Microscopic anatomy of the kidney

25.5 Physiology of urine formation

25.6 Tubular reabsorption

25.7 Regulation of renal blood flow

25.8 Endocrine regulation of kidney function

25.9 Regulation of fluid volume and composition

25.10 The urinary system and homeostasis

26 Fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance

26.1 Body fluids and fluid compartments

26.2 Water balance

26.3 Electrolyte balance

26.4 Acid-base balance

26.5 Disorders of acid-base balance

Unit 6: human development and the continuity of life

27 The reproductive system

27.1 Anatomy and physiology of the male reproductive system

27.2 Anatomy and physiology of the female reproductive system

27.3 Development of the male and female reproductive systems

28 Development and inheritance

28.1 Fertilization

28.2 Embryonic development

28.3 Fetal development

28.4 Maternal changes during pregnancy, labor, and birth

28.5 Adjustments of the infant at birth and postnatal stages

28.7 Patterns of inheritance

Source: OpenStax, Anatomy & Physiology. OpenStax CNX. Feb 04, 2016 Download for free at http://legacy.cnx.org/content/col11496/1.8

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