# 1.6 Mechanisms of heat transfer  (Page 14/27)

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A man consumes 3000 kcal of food in one day, converting most of it to thermal energy to maintain body temperature. If he loses half this energy by evaporating water (through breathing and sweating), how many kilograms of water evaporate?

2.59 kg

A firewalker runs across a bed of hot coals without sustaining burns. Calculate the heat transferred by conduction into the sole of one foot of a firewalker given that the bottom of the foot is a 3.00-mm-thick callus with a conductivity at the low end of the range for wood and its density is $300\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\text{kg/m}}^{3}$ . The area of contact is $25.0\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\text{cm}}^{2},$ the temperature of the coals is $700\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{°}\text{C}$ , and the time in contact is 1.00 s. Ignore the evaporative cooling of sweat.

(a) What is the rate of heat conduction through the 3.00-cm-thick fur of a large animal having a $1.40{\text{-m}}^{2}$ surface area? Assume that the animal’s skin temperature is $32.0\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{°}\text{C}$ , that the air temperature is $-5.00\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{°}\text{C}$ , and that fur has the same thermal conductivity as air. (b) What food intake will the animal need in one day to replace this heat transfer?

a. 39.7 W; b. 820 kcal

A walrus transfers energy by conduction through its blubber at the rate of 150 W when immersed in $-1.00\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{°}\text{C}$ water. The walrus’s internal core temperature is $37.0\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{°}\text{C}$ , and it has a surface area of $2.00\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\text{m}}^{2}$ . What is the average thickness of its blubber, which has the conductivity of fatty tissues without blood?

Compare the rate of heat conduction through a 13.0-cm-thick wall that has an area of $10.0\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\text{m}}^{2}$ and a thermal conductivity twice that of glass wool with the rate of heat conduction through a 0.750-cm-thick window that has an area of $2.00\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\text{m}}^{2}$ , assuming the same temperature difference across each.

$\frac{Q}{t}=\frac{kA\left({T}_{2}-{T}_{1}\right)}{d}$ , so that
$\frac{{\left(Q\text{/}t\right)}_{\text{wall}}}{{\left(Q\text{/}t\right)}_{\text{window}}}=\frac{{k}_{\text{wall}}{A}_{\text{wall}}{d}_{\text{window}}}{{k}_{\text{window}}{A}_{\text{window}}{d}_{\text{wall}}}=\frac{\left(2\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}0.042\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{J/s}·\text{m}·\text{°}\text{C}\right)\left(10.0\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\text{m}}^{2}\right)\left(0.750\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{-2}\text{m}\right)}{\left(0.84\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{J/s}·\text{m}·\text{°}\text{C}\right)\left(2.00\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\text{m}}^{2}\right)\left(13.0\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{-2}\text{m}\right)}$
This gives 0.0288 wall: window, or 35:1 window: wall

Suppose a person is covered head to foot by wool clothing with average thickness of 2.00 cm and is transferring energy by conduction through the clothing at the rate of 50.0 W. What is the temperature difference across the clothing, given the surface area is $1.40\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\text{m}}^{2}$ ?

Some stove tops are smooth ceramic for easy cleaning. If the ceramic is 0.600 cm thick and heat conduction occurs through the same area and at the same rate as computed in [link] , what is the temperature difference across it? Ceramic has the same thermal conductivity as glass and brick.

$\frac{Q}{t}=\frac{kA\left({T}_{2}-{T}_{1}\right)}{d}=\frac{kA\text{Δ}T}{d}⇒$
$\text{Δ}T=\frac{d\left(Q\text{/}t\right)}{kA}=\frac{\left(6.00\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{-3}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{m}\right)\left(2256\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{W}\right)}{\left(0.84\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{J/s}·\text{m}·\text{°}\text{C}\right)\left(1.54\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{-2}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{\text{m}}^{2}\right)}=1046\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{°}\text{C}=1.05\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}{10}^{3}\text{K}$

One easy way to reduce heating (and cooling) costs is to add extra insulation in the attic of a house. Suppose a single-story cubical house already had 15 cm of fiberglass insulation in the attic and in all the exterior surfaces. If you added an extra 8.0 cm of fiberglass to the attic, by what percentage would the heating cost of the house drop? Take the house to have dimensions 10 m by 15 m by 3.0 m. Ignore air infiltration and heat loss through windows and doors, and assume that the interior is uniformly at one temperature and the exterior is uniformly at another.

why do we use integration?
To know surfaces below graphs.
Jan
To find a Primitive function. Primitive function: a function that is the origin of another
playdoh
yes
Dharmdev
what is laps rate
Dharmdev
Г=-dT/dZ that is simply defination
Arzoodan
what is z
Dharmdev
to find the area under a graph or to accumulate .e.g. sum of momentum over time is no etic energy.
Naod
Z is alt.,dZ altv difference
Arzoodan
what is the Elasticty
it is the property of the by virtue of it regains it's original shape after the removal of applied force (deforming force).
Prema
property of the material
Prema
which type of cable is suitable for patrol station wiring
what is calorimeter
heat measuring device
Suvransu
What is mean electric potential
Electric density formula
Int E•dA
Vineet
what is relation betweeen potential energy of a system and work done in bringing last chaege from infinity
Einstein and his general theory of relativity, a very nice concept,which revolutionize our modern world.
what's the theory of relativity?
Piyali
it related to universe time period
jyotirmayee
it is a theory in which time is taken as relative,for diff. motion of objects.
Antares
no !!!
jyotirmayee
it is E=mc'square
jyotirmayee
what is black hole?
jyotirmayee
E=mc^2 is just a reln which sums up everything dude
Antares
what does e=mc^2 stand for?explain
Piyali
m not dude
jyotirmayee
e for speed of light
jyotirmayee
c for speed of light
jyotirmayee
m for mass of object
jyotirmayee
black hole is a super massive object in space gravitation pull of which s so strong dt evn light cannot escape. John wheeler 1st detected it, n concept of it ws given by Einstein himself from his general theory of relativity. Basically v cn si 3 types of it super massive, interstellar n intermediate
Antares
which topic now u studying?
jyotirmayee
e defined? sorry it,s wrong
jyotirmayee
how black holes r formed?
Piyali
e is not speed of light
jyotirmayee
black holes formed when the centre of very massive star collapsed itself
jyotirmayee
e is energy.
Antares
what do u mean by quantum mechanics?
jyotirmayee
in most of d cases black holes r formed by massive collapsed star or star system
Antares
sahoo u don't seem to understand relative physics, plz study that first.
Antares
Apollo is the name of a satellite !!!!!
jyotirmayee
quantum mechanics is d study of physics describing nature at d smallest level of energy of atoms n subatomic particles.
Antares
qm means explains about the microscopic particles..
KRANTHI
nope name of d sun god
Antares
why the mercury used in thermometers?
jyotirmayee
Ali brother ur exactly spelling is wrong,,,,,
jyotirmayee
why the colour of tube light white?
jyotirmayee
why the mouth became red colour ,,by the regular eating of leaf called ,,betel combining with areca?
jyotirmayee
all formula for calculate specific latent heat of any substance
hello
Nigar
real
Nigar
c'mon guys.. let's talk Physics.
Yoblaze
mass multiplied with latent heat of a substance
Yoblaze
you both?
jyotirmayee
in which class?
jyotirmayee
physics is the only subject which underestimated chemistry ,,bio
jyotirmayee
how capacitor is made in inst?
Piyali
what is dipole moment
it is the product of electric charges and distance between the two charges
Shikhar
mishra true thanks dia
Ssempala
product of separation of the poles, the rest shikhar got is right
brad is separation and distance ,are they different?
Ssempala
What is actually a dipole? I know charge separated by a certain distance.... but what does that really mean? what happens in a dipole? why are the charge of same magnitude?
Monalisa
Dipoles forming as a result of the unbalanced distribution of electrons in asymmetrical molecules
Heeran
What is dielectric
its a type of medium. generally poor conductors. but their conductivity can be changed
vedanth
you just have to add impurities
vedanth
Thanks
Ssempala
grt
Ssempala
a material which behave as conductor
Shikhar
insulating material, energy level for electron transfer is very high e.g used to increase a magnetic field in a capacitor
What is the difference between specific heat capacity and heat capacity? Give the equations
presentation on power
relation between Celsius and Kelvin
0" degree Celsius=273kelvin
jyotirmayee
Newton's second laws is call with