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14.4 Symbols and their meanings

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This module defines symbols used throughout the Collaborative Statistics textbook.
Symbols and their meanings
Chapter (1st used) Symbol Spoken Meaning
Sampling and Data The square root of same
Sampling and Data π Pi 3.14159… (a specific number)
Descriptive Statistics Q1 Quartile one the first quartile
Descriptive Statistics Q2 Quartile two the second quartile
Descriptive Statistics Q3 Quartile three the third quartile
Descriptive Statistics IQR inter-quartile range Q3-Q1=IQR
Descriptive Statistics x ¯ x-bar sample mean
Descriptive Statistics μ mu population mean
Descriptive Statistics s s x sx s sample standard deviation
Descriptive Statistics s 2 s x 2 s-squared sample variance
Descriptive Statistics σ σ x σx sigma population standard deviation
Descriptive Statistics σ 2 σ x 2 sigma-squared population variance
Descriptive Statistics Σ capital sigma sum
Probability Topics { } brackets set notation
Probability Topics S S sample space
Probability Topics A Event A event A
Probability Topics P ( A ) probability of A probability of A occurring
Probability Topics P ( A ∣ B ) probability of A given B prob. of A occurring given B has occurred
Probability Topics P ( A or B ) prob. of A or B prob. of A or B or both occurring
Probability Topics P ( A and B ) prob. of A and B prob. of both A and B occurring (same time)
Probability Topics A' A-prime, complement of A complement of A, not A
Probability Topics P ( A' ) prob. of complement of A same
Probability Topics G 1 green on first pick same
Probability Topics P ( G 1 ) prob. of green on first pick same
Discrete Random Variables PDF prob. distribution function same
Discrete Random Variables X X the random variable X
Discrete Random Variables X~ the distribution of X same
Discrete Random Variables B binomial distribution same
Discrete Random Variables G geometric distribution same
Discrete Random Variables H hypergeometric dist. same
Discrete Random Variables P Poisson dist. same
Discrete Random Variables λ Lambda average of Poisson distribution
Discrete Random Variables ≥ greater than or equal to same
Discrete Random Variables ≤ less than or equal to same
Discrete Random Variables = equal to same
Discrete Random Variables ≠ not equal to same
Continuous Random Variables f ( x ) f of x function of x
Continuous Random Variables pdf prob. density function same
Continuous Random Variables U uniform distribution same
Continuous Random Variables Exp exponential distribution same
Continuous Random Variables k k critical value
Continuous Random Variables f ( x ) = f of x equals same
Continuous Random Variables m m decay rate (for exp. dist.)
The Normal Distribution N size 12{N} {} normal distribution same
The Normal Distribution z size 12{z} {} z-score same
The Normal Distribution Z size 12{Z} {} standard normal dist. same
The Central Limit Theorem CLT size 12{ ital "CLT"} {} Central Limit Theorem same
The Central Limit Theorem X X-bar the random variable X-bar
The Central Limit Theorem μ x size 12{μ rSub { size 8{x} } } {} mean of X the average of X
The Central Limit Theorem μ x ¯ size 12{μ rSub { size 8{ {overline {x}} } } } {} mean of X-bar the average of X-bar
The Central Limit Theorem σ x size 12{σ rSub { size 8{x} } } {} standard deviation of X same
The Central Limit Theorem σ x ¯ size 12{σ rSub { size 8{ {overline {x}} } } } {} standard deviation of X-bar same
The Central Limit Theorem Σ X sum of X same
The Central Limit Theorem Σ x sum of x same
Confidence Intervals CL size 12{ ital "CL"} {} confidence level same
Confidence Intervals CI size 12{ ital "CI"} {} confidence interval same
Confidence Intervals EBM size 12{ ital "EBM"} {} error bound for a mean same
Confidence Intervals EBP size 12{ ital "EBP"} {} error bound for a proportion same
Confidence Intervals t size 12{t} {} student-t distribution same
Confidence Intervals df size 12{ ital "df"} {} degrees of freedom same
Confidence Intervals t α 2 student-t with a/2 area in right tail same
Confidence Intervals p' p ^ p-prime; p-hat sample proportion of success
Confidence Intervals q' q ^ q-prime; q-hat sample proportion of failure
Hypothesis Testing H 0 size 12{H rSub { size 8{0} } } {} H-naught, H-sub 0 null hypothesis
Hypothesis Testing H a size 12{H rSub { size 8{a} } } {} H-a, H-sub a alternate hypothesis
Hypothesis Testing H 1 size 12{H rSub { size 8{1} } } {} H-1, H-sub 1 alternate hypothesis
Hypothesis Testing α size 12{α} {} alpha probability of Type I error
Hypothesis Testing β size 12{β} {} beta probability of Type II error
Hypothesis Testing X1 ¯ − X2 ¯ size 12{ {overline {X1}} - {overline {X2}} } {} X1-bar minus X2-bar difference in sample means
μ 1 − μ 2 size 12{μ rSub { size 8{1} } - μ rSub { size 8{2} } } {} mu-1 minus mu-2 difference in population means
P ' 1 − P ' 2 size 12{P' rSub { size 8{1} } - P' rSub { size 8{2} } } {} P1-prime minus P2-prime difference in sample proportions
p 1 − p 2 size 12{p rSub { size 8{1} } - p rSub { size 8{2} } } {} p1 minus p2 difference in population proportions
Chi-Square Distribution Χ 2 Ky-square Chi-square
O Observed Observed frequency
E Expected Expected frequency
Linear Regression and Correlation y = a + bx y equals a plus b-x equation of a line
y ^ y-hat estimated value of y
r correlation coefficient same
ε error same
SSE Sum of Squared Errors same
1.9 s 1.9 times s cut-off value for outliers
F-Distribution and ANOVA F F-ratio F ratio

Questions & Answers

I'm interested in biological psychology and cognitive psychology
Tanya Reply
what does preconceived mean
sammie Reply
physiological Psychology
Nwosu Reply
How can I develope my cognitive domain
Amanyire Reply
why is communication effective
Dakolo Reply
Communication is effective because it allows individuals to share ideas, thoughts, and information with others.
effective communication can lead to improved outcomes in various settings, including personal relationships, business environments, and educational settings. By communicating effectively, individuals can negotiate effectively, solve problems collaboratively, and work towards common goals.
it starts up serve and return practice/assessments.it helps find voice talking therapy also assessments through relaxed conversation.
miss
Every time someone flushes a toilet in the apartment building, the person begins to jumb back automatically after hearing the flush, before the water temperature changes. Identify the types of learning, if it is classical conditioning identify the NS, UCS, CS and CR. If it is operant conditioning, identify the type of consequence positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement or punishment
Wekolamo Reply
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Wekolamo
because it helps many people around the world to understand how to interact with other people and understand them well, for example at work (job).
Manix Reply
Agreed 👍 There are many parts of our brains and behaviors, we really need to get to know. Blessings for everyone and happy Sunday!
ARC
A child is a member of community not society elucidate ?
JESSY Reply
Isn't practices worldwide, be it psychology, be it science. isn't much just a false belief of control over something the mind cannot truly comprehend?
Simon Reply
compare and contrast skinner's perspective on personality development on freud
namakula Reply
Skinner skipped the whole unconscious phenomenon and rather emphasized on classical conditioning
war
explain how nature and nurture affect the development and later the productivity of an individual.
Amesalu Reply
nature is an hereditary factor while nurture is an environmental factor which constitute an individual personality. so if an individual's parent has a deviant behavior and was also brought up in an deviant environment, observation of the behavior and the inborn trait we make the individual deviant.
Samuel
I am taking this course because I am hoping that I could somehow learn more about my chosen field of interest and due to the fact that being a PsyD really ignites my passion as an individual the more I hope to learn about developing and literally explore the complexity of my critical thinking skills
Zyryn Reply
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Jonathan
and having a good philosophy of the world is like a sandwich and a peanut butter 👍
Jonathan
generally amnesi how long yrs memory loss
Kelu Reply
interpersonal relationships
Abdulfatai Reply
What would be the best educational aid(s) for gifted kids/savants?
Heidi Reply
treat them normal, if they want help then give them. that will make everyone happy
Saurabh
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Source:  OpenStax, Collaborative statistics. OpenStax CNX. Jul 03, 2012 Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col10522/1.40
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