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14.4 Symbols and their meanings

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This module defines symbols used throughout the Collaborative Statistics textbook.
Symbols and their meanings
Chapter (1st used) Symbol Spoken Meaning
Sampling and Data The square root of same
Sampling and Data π Pi 3.14159… (a specific number)
Descriptive Statistics Q1 Quartile one the first quartile
Descriptive Statistics Q2 Quartile two the second quartile
Descriptive Statistics Q3 Quartile three the third quartile
Descriptive Statistics IQR inter-quartile range Q3-Q1=IQR
Descriptive Statistics x ¯ x-bar sample mean
Descriptive Statistics μ mu population mean
Descriptive Statistics s s x sx s sample standard deviation
Descriptive Statistics s 2 s x 2 s-squared sample variance
Descriptive Statistics σ σ x σx sigma population standard deviation
Descriptive Statistics σ 2 σ x 2 sigma-squared population variance
Descriptive Statistics Σ capital sigma sum
Probability Topics { } brackets set notation
Probability Topics S S sample space
Probability Topics A Event A event A
Probability Topics P ( A ) probability of A probability of A occurring
Probability Topics P ( A ∣ B ) probability of A given B prob. of A occurring given B has occurred
Probability Topics P ( A or B ) prob. of A or B prob. of A or B or both occurring
Probability Topics P ( A and B ) prob. of A and B prob. of both A and B occurring (same time)
Probability Topics A' A-prime, complement of A complement of A, not A
Probability Topics P ( A' ) prob. of complement of A same
Probability Topics G 1 green on first pick same
Probability Topics P ( G 1 ) prob. of green on first pick same
Discrete Random Variables PDF prob. distribution function same
Discrete Random Variables X X the random variable X
Discrete Random Variables X~ the distribution of X same
Discrete Random Variables B binomial distribution same
Discrete Random Variables G geometric distribution same
Discrete Random Variables H hypergeometric dist. same
Discrete Random Variables P Poisson dist. same
Discrete Random Variables λ Lambda average of Poisson distribution
Discrete Random Variables ≥ greater than or equal to same
Discrete Random Variables ≤ less than or equal to same
Discrete Random Variables = equal to same
Discrete Random Variables ≠ not equal to same
Continuous Random Variables f ( x ) f of x function of x
Continuous Random Variables pdf prob. density function same
Continuous Random Variables U uniform distribution same
Continuous Random Variables Exp exponential distribution same
Continuous Random Variables k k critical value
Continuous Random Variables f ( x ) = f of x equals same
Continuous Random Variables m m decay rate (for exp. dist.)
The Normal Distribution N size 12{N} {} normal distribution same
The Normal Distribution z size 12{z} {} z-score same
The Normal Distribution Z size 12{Z} {} standard normal dist. same
The Central Limit Theorem CLT size 12{ ital "CLT"} {} Central Limit Theorem same
The Central Limit Theorem X X-bar the random variable X-bar
The Central Limit Theorem μ x size 12{μ rSub { size 8{x} } } {} mean of X the average of X
The Central Limit Theorem μ x ¯ size 12{μ rSub { size 8{ {overline {x}} } } } {} mean of X-bar the average of X-bar
The Central Limit Theorem σ x size 12{σ rSub { size 8{x} } } {} standard deviation of X same
The Central Limit Theorem σ x ¯ size 12{σ rSub { size 8{ {overline {x}} } } } {} standard deviation of X-bar same
The Central Limit Theorem Σ X sum of X same
The Central Limit Theorem Σ x sum of x same
Confidence Intervals CL size 12{ ital "CL"} {} confidence level same
Confidence Intervals CI size 12{ ital "CI"} {} confidence interval same
Confidence Intervals EBM size 12{ ital "EBM"} {} error bound for a mean same
Confidence Intervals EBP size 12{ ital "EBP"} {} error bound for a proportion same
Confidence Intervals t size 12{t} {} student-t distribution same
Confidence Intervals df size 12{ ital "df"} {} degrees of freedom same
Confidence Intervals t α 2 student-t with a/2 area in right tail same
Confidence Intervals p' p ^ p-prime; p-hat sample proportion of success
Confidence Intervals q' q ^ q-prime; q-hat sample proportion of failure
Hypothesis Testing H 0 size 12{H rSub { size 8{0} } } {} H-naught, H-sub 0 null hypothesis
Hypothesis Testing H a size 12{H rSub { size 8{a} } } {} H-a, H-sub a alternate hypothesis
Hypothesis Testing H 1 size 12{H rSub { size 8{1} } } {} H-1, H-sub 1 alternate hypothesis
Hypothesis Testing α size 12{α} {} alpha probability of Type I error
Hypothesis Testing β size 12{β} {} beta probability of Type II error
Hypothesis Testing X1 ¯ − X2 ¯ size 12{ {overline {X1}} - {overline {X2}} } {} X1-bar minus X2-bar difference in sample means
μ 1 − μ 2 size 12{μ rSub { size 8{1} } - μ rSub { size 8{2} } } {} mu-1 minus mu-2 difference in population means
P ' 1 − P ' 2 size 12{P' rSub { size 8{1} } - P' rSub { size 8{2} } } {} P1-prime minus P2-prime difference in sample proportions
p 1 − p 2 size 12{p rSub { size 8{1} } - p rSub { size 8{2} } } {} p1 minus p2 difference in population proportions
Chi-Square Distribution Χ 2 Ky-square Chi-square
O Observed Observed frequency
E Expected Expected frequency
Linear Regression and Correlation y = a + bx y equals a plus b-x equation of a line
y ^ y-hat estimated value of y
r correlation coefficient same
ε error same
SSE Sum of Squared Errors same
1.9 s 1.9 times s cut-off value for outliers
F-Distribution and ANOVA F F-ratio F ratio

Questions & Answers

differentiate between demand and supply giving examples
Lambiv Reply
differentiated between demand and supply using examples
Lambiv
what is labour ?
Lambiv
how will I do?
Venny Reply
how is the graph works?I don't fully understand
Rezat Reply
information
Eliyee
devaluation
Eliyee
t
WARKISA
hi guys good evening to all
Lambiv
multiple choice question
Aster Reply
appreciation
Eliyee
explain perfect market
Lindiwe Reply
In economics, a perfect market refers to a theoretical construct where all participants have perfect information, goods are homogenous, there are no barriers to entry or exit, and prices are determined solely by supply and demand. It's an idealized model used for analysis,
Ezea
What is ceteris paribus?
Shukri Reply
other things being equal
AI-Robot
When MP₁ becomes negative, TP start to decline. Extuples Suppose that the short-run production function of certain cut-flower firm is given by: Q=4KL-0.6K2 - 0.112 • Where is quantity of cut flower produced, I is labour input and K is fixed capital input (K-5). Determine the average product of lab
Kelo
Extuples Suppose that the short-run production function of certain cut-flower firm is given by: Q=4KL-0.6K2 - 0.112 • Where is quantity of cut flower produced, I is labour input and K is fixed capital input (K-5). Determine the average product of labour (APL) and marginal product of labour (MPL)
Kelo
yes,thank you
Shukri
Can I ask you other question?
Shukri
what is monopoly mean?
Habtamu Reply
What is different between quantity demand and demand?
Shukri Reply
Quantity demanded refers to the specific amount of a good or service that consumers are willing and able to purchase at a give price and within a specific time period. Demand, on the other hand, is a broader concept that encompasses the entire relationship between price and quantity demanded
Ezea
ok
Shukri
how do you save a country economic situation when it's falling apart
Lilia Reply
what is the difference between economic growth and development
Fiker Reply
Economic growth as an increase in the production and consumption of goods and services within an economy.but Economic development as a broader concept that encompasses not only economic growth but also social & human well being.
Shukri
production function means
Jabir
What do you think is more important to focus on when considering inequality ?
Abdisa Reply
any question about economics?
Awais Reply
sir...I just want to ask one question... Define the term contract curve? if you are free please help me to find this answer 🙏
Asui
it is a curve that we get after connecting the pareto optimal combinations of two consumers after their mutually beneficial trade offs
Awais
thank you so much 👍 sir
Asui
In economics, the contract curve refers to the set of points in an Edgeworth box diagram where both parties involved in a trade cannot be made better off without making one of them worse off. It represents the Pareto efficient allocations of goods between two individuals or entities, where neither p
Cornelius
In economics, the contract curve refers to the set of points in an Edgeworth box diagram where both parties involved in a trade cannot be made better off without making one of them worse off. It represents the Pareto efficient allocations of goods between two individuals or entities,
Cornelius
Suppose a consumer consuming two commodities X and Y has The following utility function u=X0.4 Y0.6. If the price of the X and Y are 2 and 3 respectively and income Constraint is birr 50. A,Calculate quantities of x and y which maximize utility. B,Calculate value of Lagrange multiplier. C,Calculate quantities of X and Y consumed with a given price. D,alculate optimum level of output .
Feyisa Reply
Answer
Feyisa
c
Jabir
the market for lemon has 10 potential consumers, each having an individual demand curve p=101-10Qi, where p is price in dollar's per cup and Qi is the number of cups demanded per week by the i th consumer.Find the market demand curve using algebra. Draw an individual demand curve and the market dema
Gsbwnw Reply
suppose the production function is given by ( L, K)=L¼K¾.assuming capital is fixed find APL and MPL. consider the following short run production function:Q=6L²-0.4L³ a) find the value of L that maximizes output b)find the value of L that maximizes marginal product
Abdureman
types of unemployment
Yomi Reply
What is the difference between perfect competition and monopolistic competition?
Mohammed
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Source:  OpenStax, Collaborative statistics. OpenStax CNX. Jul 03, 2012 Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col10522/1.40
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