Solve problems involving heat transfer to and from ideal monatomic gases whose volumes are held constant
Solve similar problems for non-monatomic ideal gases based on the number of degrees of freedom of a molecule
Estimate the heat capacities of metals using a model based on degrees of freedom
In the chapter on temperature and heat, we defined the specific heat capacity with the equation
or
. However, the properties of an ideal gas depend directly on the number of moles in a sample, so here we define specific heat capacity in terms of the number of moles, not the mass. Furthermore, when talking about solids and liquids, we ignored any changes in volume and pressure with changes in temperature—a good approximation for solids and liquids, but for gases, we have to make some condition on volume or pressure changes. Here, we focus on the heat capacity with the volume held constant. We can calculate it for an ideal gas.
Heat capacity of an ideal monatomic gas at constant volume
We define the
molar heat capacity at constant volume
as
This is often expressed in the form
If the volume does not change, there is no overall displacement, so no work is done, and the only change in internal energy is due to the heat flow
(This statement is discussed further in the next chapter.) We use the equation
to write
and substitute
for
Q to find
, which gives the following simple result for an ideal monatomic gas:
It is independent of temperature, which justifies our use of finite differences instead of a derivative. This formula agrees well with experimental results.
In the next chapter we discuss the molar specific heat at constant pressure
which is always greater than
Calculating temperature
A sample of 0.125 kg of xenon is contained in a rigid metal cylinder, big enough that the xenon can be modeled as an ideal gas, at a temperature of
. The cylinder is moved outside on a hot summer day. As the xenon comes into equilibrium by reaching the temperature of its surroundings, 180 J of heat are conducted to it through the cylinder walls. What is the equilibrium temperature? Ignore the expansion of the metal cylinder.
Solution
Identify the knowns: We know the initial temperature
is
, the heat
Q is 180 J, and the mass
m of the xenon is 0.125 kg.
Identify the unknown. We need the final temperature, so we’ll need
.
Determine which equations are needed. Because xenon gas is monatomic, we can use
Then we need the number of moles,
Substitute the known values into the equations and solve for the unknowns.
The molar mass of xenon is 131.3 g, so we obtain
Therefore, the final temperature is
. The problem could equally well be solved in kelvin; as a kelvin is the same size as a degree Celsius of temperature change, you would get
Significance
The heating of an ideal or almost ideal gas at constant volume is important in car engines and many other practical systems.
A golfer on a fairway is 70 m away from the green, which sits below the level of the fairway by 20 m. If the golfer hits the ball at an angle of 40° with an initial speed of 20 m/s, how close to the green does she come?
A mouse of mass 200 g falls 100 m down a vertical mine shaft and lands at the bottom with a speed of 8.0 m/s. During its fall, how much work is done on the mouse by air resistance
Chemistry is a branch of science that deals with the study of matter,it composition,it structure and the changes it undergoes
Adjei
please, I'm a physics student and I need help in physics
Adjanou
chemistry could also be understood like the sexual attraction/repulsion of the male and female elements. the reaction varies depending on the energy differences of each given gender. + masculine -female.
Pedro
A ball is thrown straight up.it passes a 2.0m high window 7.50 m off the ground on it path up and takes 1.30 s to go past the window.what was the ball initial velocity
2. A sled plus passenger with total mass 50 kg is pulled 20 m across the snow (0.20) at constant velocity by a force directed 25° above the horizontal. Calculate (a) the work of the applied force, (b) the work of friction, and (c) the total work.
you have been hired as an espert witness in a court case involving an automobile accident. the accident involved car A of mass 1500kg which crashed into stationary car B of mass 1100kg. the driver of car A applied his brakes 15 m before he skidded and crashed into car B. after the collision, car A s
can someone explain to me, an ignorant high school student, why the trend of the graph doesn't follow the fact that the higher frequency a sound wave is, the more power it is, hence, making me think the phons output would follow this general trend?
Nevermind i just realied that the graph is the phons output for a person with normal hearing and not just the phons output of the sound waves power, I should read the entire thing next time
Joseph
Follow up question, does anyone know where I can find a graph that accuretly depicts the actual relative "power" output of sound over its frequency instead of just humans hearing
Joseph
"Generation of electrical energy from sound energy | IEEE Conference Publication | IEEE Xplore" ***ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7150687?reload=true
A string is 3.00 m long with a mass of 5.00 g. The string is held taut with a tension of 500.00 N applied to the string. A pulse is sent down the string. How long does it take the pulse to travel the 3.00 m of the string?
