Solve problems involving heat transfer to and from ideal monatomic gases whose volumes are held constant
Solve similar problems for non-monatomic ideal gases based on the number of degrees of freedom of a molecule
Estimate the heat capacities of metals using a model based on degrees of freedom
In the chapter on temperature and heat, we defined the specific heat capacity with the equation
or
. However, the properties of an ideal gas depend directly on the number of moles in a sample, so here we define specific heat capacity in terms of the number of moles, not the mass. Furthermore, when talking about solids and liquids, we ignored any changes in volume and pressure with changes in temperature—a good approximation for solids and liquids, but for gases, we have to make some condition on volume or pressure changes. Here, we focus on the heat capacity with the volume held constant. We can calculate it for an ideal gas.
Heat capacity of an ideal monatomic gas at constant volume
We define the
molar heat capacity at constant volume
as
This is often expressed in the form
If the volume does not change, there is no overall displacement, so no work is done, and the only change in internal energy is due to the heat flow
(This statement is discussed further in the next chapter.) We use the equation
to write
and substitute
for
Q to find
, which gives the following simple result for an ideal monatomic gas:
It is independent of temperature, which justifies our use of finite differences instead of a derivative. This formula agrees well with experimental results.
In the next chapter we discuss the molar specific heat at constant pressure
which is always greater than
Calculating temperature
A sample of 0.125 kg of xenon is contained in a rigid metal cylinder, big enough that the xenon can be modeled as an ideal gas, at a temperature of
. The cylinder is moved outside on a hot summer day. As the xenon comes into equilibrium by reaching the temperature of its surroundings, 180 J of heat are conducted to it through the cylinder walls. What is the equilibrium temperature? Ignore the expansion of the metal cylinder.
Solution
Identify the knowns: We know the initial temperature
is
, the heat
Q is 180 J, and the mass
m of the xenon is 0.125 kg.
Identify the unknown. We need the final temperature, so we’ll need
.
Determine which equations are needed. Because xenon gas is monatomic, we can use
Then we need the number of moles,
Substitute the known values into the equations and solve for the unknowns.
The molar mass of xenon is 131.3 g, so we obtain
Therefore, the final temperature is
. The problem could equally well be solved in kelvin; as a kelvin is the same size as a degree Celsius of temperature change, you would get
Significance
The heating of an ideal or almost ideal gas at constant volume is important in car engines and many other practical systems.
Bacteria doesn't produce energy they are dependent upon their substrate in case of lack of nutrients they are able to make spores which helps them to sustain in harsh environments
_Adnan
But not all bacteria make spores, l mean Eukaryotic cells have Mitochondria which acts as powerhouse for them, since bacteria don't have it, what is the substitution for it?
Assimilatory nitrate reduction is a process that occurs in some microorganisms, such as bacteria and archaea, in which nitrate (NO3-) is reduced to nitrite (NO2-), and then further reduced to ammonia (NH3).
Elkana
This process is called assimilatory nitrate reduction because the nitrogen that is produced is incorporated in the cells of microorganisms where it can be used in the synthesis of amino acids and other nitrogen products
There are nothing like emergency disease but there are some common medical emergency which can occur simultaneously like Bleeding,heart attack,Breathing difficulties,severe pain heart stock.Hope you will get my point .Have a nice day ❣️
_Adnan
define infection ,prevention and control
Innocent
I think infection prevention and control is the avoidance of all things we do that gives out break of infections and promotion of health practices that promote life
