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- Temperature, kinetic theory,
- Kinetic theory: atomic and
What is the average kinetic energy of a nitrogen molecule (N
2 ) if its
rms speed is 560 m/s? At what temperature is this
rms speed achieved?
(a) 7.29 × 10
-21 J; (b) 352K or 79ºC
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Section summary
- Kinetic theory is the atomistic description of gases as well as liquids and solids.
- Kinetic theory models the properties of matter in terms of continuous random motion of atoms and molecules.
- The ideal gas law can also be expressed as
where
is the pressure (average force per unit area),
is the volume of gas in the container,
is the number of molecules in the container,
is the mass of a molecule, and
is the average of the molecular speed squared.
- Thermal energy is defined to be the average translational kinetic energy
of an atom or molecule.
- The temperature of gases is proportional to the average translational kinetic energy of atoms and molecules.
or
- The motion of individual molecules in a gas is random in magnitude and direction. However, a gas of many molecules has a predictable distribution of molecular speeds, known as the
Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution .
Conceptual questions
Problems&Exercises
Some incandescent light bulbs are filled with argon gas. What is
for argon atoms near the filament, assuming their temperature is 2500 K?
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Average atomic and molecular speeds
are large, even at low temperatures. What is
for helium atoms at 5.00 K, just one degree above helium’s liquefaction temperature?
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(a) What is the average kinetic energy in joules of hydrogen atoms on the
surface of the Sun? (b) What is the average kinetic energy of helium atoms in a region of the solar corona where the temperature is
?
(a)
(b)
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The escape velocity of any object from Earth is 11.2 km/s. (a) Express this speed in m/s and km/h. (b) At what temperature would oxygen molecules (molecular mass is equal to 32.0 g/mol) have an average velocity
equal to Earth’s escape velocity of 11.1 km/s?
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The escape velocity from the Moon is much smaller than from Earth and is only 2.38 km/s. At what temperature would hydrogen molecules (molecular mass is equal to 2.016 g/mol) have an average velocity
equal to the Moon’s escape velocity?
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Nuclear fusion, the energy source of the Sun, hydrogen bombs, and fusion reactors, occurs much more readily when the average kinetic energy of the atoms is high—that is, at high temperatures. Suppose you want the atoms in your fusion experiment to have average kinetic energies of
. What temperature is needed?
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Suppose that the average velocity
of carbon dioxide molecules (molecular mass is equal to 44.0 g/mol) in a flame is found to be
. What temperature does this represent?
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Hydrogen molecules (molecular mass is equal to 2.016 g/mol) have an average velocity
equal to 193 m/s. What is the temperature?
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Much of the gas near the Sun is atomic hydrogen. Its temperature would have to be
for the average velocity
to equal the escape velocity from the Sun. What is that velocity?
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There are two important isotopes of uranium—
and
; these isotopes are nearly identical chemically but have different atomic masses. Only
is very useful in nuclear reactors. One of the techniques for separating them (gas diffusion) is based on the different average velocities
of uranium hexafluoride gas,
. (a) The molecular masses for
and
are 349.0 g/mol and 352.0 g/mol, respectively. What is the ratio of their average velocities? (b) At what temperature would their average velocities differ by 1.00 m/s? (c) Do your answers in this problem imply that this technique may be difficult?
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Questions & Answers
differentiate between demand and supply
giving examples
differentiated between demand and supply using examples
Lambiv
how is the graph works?I don't fully understand
hi guys good evening to all
Lambiv
In economics, a perfect market refers to a theoretical construct where all participants have perfect information, goods are homogenous, there are no barriers to entry or exit, and prices are determined solely by supply and demand. It's an idealized model used for analysis,
Ezea
other things being equal
AI-Robot
When MP₁ becomes negative, TP start to decline.
Extuples Suppose that the short-run production function of certain cut-flower firm is given by: Q=4KL-0.6K2 - 0.112 •
Where is quantity of cut flower produced, I is labour input and K is fixed capital input (K-5). Determine the average product of lab
Kelo
Extuples Suppose that the short-run production function of certain cut-flower firm is given by: Q=4KL-0.6K2 - 0.112 •
Where is quantity of cut flower produced, I is labour input and K is fixed capital input (K-5). Determine the average product of labour (APL) and marginal product of labour (MPL)
Kelo
Can I ask you other question?
Shukri
What is different between quantity demand and demand?
Quantity demanded refers to the specific amount of a good or service that consumers are willing and able to purchase at a give price and within a specific time period. Demand, on the other hand, is a broader concept that encompasses the entire relationship between price and quantity demanded
Ezea
how do you save a country economic situation when it's falling apart
what is the difference between economic growth and development
Economic growth as an increase in the production and consumption of goods and services within an economy.but
Economic development as a broader concept that encompasses not only economic growth but also social & human well being.
Shukri
production function means
Jabir
What do you think is more important to focus on when considering inequality ?
any question about economics?
sir...I just want to ask one question... Define the term contract curve? if you are free please help me to find this answer 🙏
Asui
it is a curve that we get after connecting the pareto optimal combinations of two consumers after their mutually beneficial trade offs
Awais
thank you so much 👍 sir
Asui
In economics, the contract curve refers to the set of points in an Edgeworth box diagram where both parties involved in a trade cannot be made better off without making one of them worse off. It represents the Pareto efficient allocations of goods between two individuals or entities, where neither p
Cornelius
In economics, the contract curve refers to the set of points in an Edgeworth box diagram where both parties involved in a trade cannot be made better off without making one of them worse off. It represents the Pareto efficient allocations of goods between two individuals or entities,
Cornelius
Suppose a consumer consuming two commodities X and Y has
The following utility function u=X0.4 Y0.6. If the price of the X and Y are 2 and 3 respectively and income Constraint is birr 50.
A,Calculate quantities of x and y which maximize utility.
B,Calculate value of Lagrange multiplier.
C,Calculate quantities of X and Y consumed with a given price.
D,alculate optimum level of output .
the market for lemon has 10 potential consumers, each having an individual demand curve p=101-10Qi, where p is price in dollar's per cup and Qi is the number of cups demanded per week by the i th consumer.Find the market demand curve using algebra. Draw an individual demand curve and the market dema
suppose the production function is given by ( L, K)=L¼K¾.assuming capital is fixed find APL and MPL. consider the following short run production function:Q=6L²-0.4L³ a) find the value of L that maximizes output b)find the value of L that maximizes marginal product
Abdureman
What is the difference between perfect competition and monopolistic competition?
Mohammed
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Source:
OpenStax, College physics for ap® courses. OpenStax CNX. Nov 04, 2016 Download for free at https://legacy.cnx.org/content/col11844/1.14
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