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Wiskunde

Graad 9

Getalle

Module 1

Getalle – waar kom hulle vandaan?

KLASWERK

1. Ons noem die versameling natuurlike getalle N , en ons skryf die versameling so neer: N = { 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; . . . }

1.1 As jy enige twee natuurlike getalle bymekaartel, is jou antwoord altyd weer ’n natuurlike getal? Hoe sal jy te werk gaan om iemand te oortuig dat dit wel so is?

1.2 Vermenigvuldig enige twee natuurlike getalle. Is die antwoord ook altyd ’n natuurlike getal?

1.3 Trek nou enige natuurlike getal van enige ander natuurlike getal af. Beskryf al die moontlike soorte antwoorde wat jy kan verwag. Probeer neerskryf hoekom dit gebeur.

2. Om voorsiening te maak vir die antwoorde wat jy in 3.1 teëgekom het, moet ons die getallestelsel uitbrei na die heelgetalle, wat die natuurlike getalle insluit. Hulle word voorgestel deur die simbool Z en hier is een manier om hulle neer te skryf: Z = { 0 ; ±1 ; ±2 ; ±3 ; . . . }

2.1 Voltooi die volgende definisies deur neer te skryf wat in die hakies moet kom:

  • Telgetalle N 0 = {.........................}
  • Heel getalle Z = {.........................} op ’n tweede manier!

3. As jy enige heelgetal deur enige ander heelgetal (behalwe 0) deel, kry jy altyd weer ’n heelgetal?Om voorsiening te maak vir hierdie antwoorde, moet ons die getallestelsel weer uitbrei; hierdie keer na die rasionale getalle:

3.1 Q (rasionale getalle) is al die getalle wat geskryf kan word in die vorm a b size 12{ { { size 11{a}} over { size 11{b}} } } {} waar a en b heeltallig is, en b nie ’n nul is nie. Verduidelik baie mooi waarom b nie nul mag wees nie.

4. Q ` (irrasionale getalle) is al die getalle wat nie as ’n breuk geskryf kan word nie, en dus nie in Q is nie. As ’n mens Q en Q ` saamvoeg dan kry jy die reële getalle, R .

4.1 Skryf neer wat jy dink in die versameling R ` is. Ons noem hulle nie-reëel.

einde van KLASWERK

Knoopskrif is dikwels in die antieke tyd in verskeie wêrelddele gebruik. Dit was ’n manier om goed, veral getalle, te onthou deur knope te maak in ’n tou. Die gebruike wissel vanaf eenvoudige stelsels waar een knop een item voorgestel het, tot ingewikkelde maniere om van plekwaardes gebruik te maak. Deur verskillende kleure tou te gebruik, kan meer as een stelsel getalle saam voorgestel word. Die Inkas se naam vir hierdie stelsel was quipu .

HUISWERKOPDRAG

1. Die tabel bevat nie ’n nul nie. Hoe belangrik is dit dat ons ’n nul moet hê? Dink aan al die goed wat ons nie sal kan doen sonder ’n nul nie.

2. Vind uit wat die naam is vir die versameling getalle wat jy sal kry as jy R en R ` saamvoeg. Kan jy enigiets meer van hulle sê?

3. Ontwerp jou eie stel natuurlike getalsimbole soos dié in die vorige tabelle. Vul hulle in en wys hoe jy enige getal kan skryf met jou simbole. Dink nou nuwe tekens uit om + en – en × en  te vervang, en maak dan ’n paar sommetjies om jou werk duidelik te maak.

einde van HUISWERKOPDRAG

VERRYKINGSOPDRAG

Maak kennis met rasionale getalle

  • Bevestig die volgende antwoorde op jou eie sakrekenaar:
  • Onthou om die berekenings in die regte volgorde te doen.
  1. 2 + 3  100 + 1 + 1  10 = 3,013

Is 3,013 ’n rasionale getal? Ja, want ons kan so maak:

3,013 = 3 1 + 13 1 000 size 12{ { { size 11{3}} over { size 11{1}} } + { { size 11{"13"}} over { size 11{"1 000"}} } } {} = 3 000 1 000 + 13 1 000 size 12{ { { size 11{"3 000"}} over { size 11{"1 000"}} } + { { size 11{"13"}} over { size 11{"1 000"}} } } {} = 3 000 + 13 1 000 size 12{ { { size 11{"3 000"+"13"}} over { size 11{"1 000"}} } } {} = 3 013 1 000 size 12{ { { size 11{"3 013"}} over { size 11{"1 000"}} } } {}

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Source:  OpenStax, Wiskunde graad 9. OpenStax CNX. Sep 14, 2009 Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11055/1.1
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