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Una introducción a los eigenvalores y eigenfunciones para un Sistema Lineal Invariente en el Tiempo.

IntroducciÓN

Ahora que ya esta familiarizado con la noción de eigenvector de una“matriz de sistema”, si no lo esta de un pequeño repaso a las generalidades de eigenvectores y eigenvalores . También podemos convertir las mismas ideas para sistemas LTI actuando en señales. Un sistema lineal invariante en el tiempo (LTI) operando en una salida continua f t para producir una salida continua en el tiempo y t

f t y t

f t y t . f y t son señales de tiempo continuo(CT) y es un operador LTI.

La matemática es análoga a una matriz A de N x N operando en un vector x N para producir otro vector b N (véase matrices y sistemas LTI para una descripción).

A x b

A x b donde x y b estan en N y A es una matriz de N x N .

Solo como un eigenvector de A es v N tal que A v λ v , λ ,

A v λ v donde v N es un eigenvector de A .
podemos definir una eigenfunción (o eigenseñal ) de un sistema LTI para ser una señal f t tal que
λ λ f t λ f t

f t λ f t donde f es una eigenfunción de .

Las Eiegenfunciones son las señales mas simples possibles para πpara operar en ellas: para calcular la salida, simplemente multiplicamos la entrada por un número complejo λ .

Eigenfunciones para cualquier sistema lti

La clase de sistemas LTI tiene un conjunto de eigenfunciones en común: el exponencial complejo s t , s son eigenfunciones para todo sistema LTI.

s t λ s s t

s t λ s s t donde es un sistema LTI.

Mientras que s s s t siempre son eigenfunciones para todo sistema LTI, estas no son necesariamente las únicas eigenfunciones.

Podemos probar la expresando la salida como una convolución de la entrada s t y de la respuesta al impulso h t de :

s t τ h τ s t τ τ h τ s t s τ s t τ h τ s τ
Ya que la expresión de la derecha no depende de t , es una constante λ s ; Por lo tanto
s t λ s s t
El eigenvalor λ s es un número complejo que depende del exponente s y por supuesto, el sistema . Para hacer esta dependencia explicita, vamos a usar la notación H s λ s .

s t es la eigenfunción y H s son eigenvalores.

Ya que la acción del operador LTI en esta eigenfunción s t es fácil de calcular y de interpretar, es conveniente representar una señal arbitraria f t como una combinación lineal de exponentes complejos. Las Series de Fourier nos dan la representación para una señal periódica continua en el tiempo, mientras que (poco más complicada) transformada de Fourier nos deja expandir señales arbitrarias de tiempo continuo.

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Source:  OpenStax, Señales y sistemas. OpenStax CNX. Sep 28, 2006 Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col10373/1.2
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