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(Blank Abstract)

De nuestro entendimiento de eigenvalores y eigenvectores hemos descubierto ciertas cosas sobre nuestro operador, la matriz A . Sabemos que los eigenvectores de A generan el espacio n y sabemos como expresar cualquier vector x en términos de v 1 v 2 v n , entonces tenemos el operador A calculado. Si tenemos A actuando en x , después esto es igual a A actuando en la combinación de los eigenvectores.

Todavía tenemos dos preguntas pendientes:

  • ¿Cuándo los eigenvectores v 1 v 2 v n de A generan el espacio n (asumiendo que v 1 v 2 v n linealmente independientes)?
  • ¿Cómo expresamos un vector dado x en términos de v 1 v 2 v n ?

1 respuesta a la pregunta #1

¿Cuándo los eigenvectores v 1 v 2 v n de A generan el espacio n ?
Si A tiene n diferentes eigenvalores i i j λ i λ j donde i y j son enteros, entonces A tiene n eigenvectores linealmente independientes. v 1 v 2 v n que generan el espacio n .
La demostración de esta proposición no es muy difícil, pero no es interesante para incluirla aquí. Si desea investigar esta idea, léase Strang G.,“Algebra Lineal y sus aplicaciones”para la demostración.
Además, n diferentes eigenvalores significa que A λ I c n λ n c n 1 λ n 1 c 1 λ c 0 0 tiene n raíces diferentes.

Respuesta a la pregunta #2

¿Cómo expresamos un vector dado x en términos de v 1 v 2 v n ?
Queremos encontrar α 1 α 2 α n tal que
x α 1 v 1 α 2 v 2 α n v n
Para poder encontrar el conjunto de variables, empezaremos poniendo los vectores v 1 v 2 v n como culumnas en una matriz V de n×n. V   v 1 v 2 v n   Ahora la se convierte en x   v 1 v 2 v n   α 1 α n ó x V α Lo que nos da una forma sencilla de resolver para la variable de nuestra pregunta α : α V -1 x Notese que V es invertible ya que tiene n columnas linealmnete independientes.

Comentarios adicionales

Recordemos el conocimiento de funciones y sus bases y examinemos el papel de V . x V α x 1 x n V α 1 α n donde α es solo x expresada en una base diferente: x x 1 1 0 0 x 2 0 1 0 x n 0 0 1 x α 1 v 1 α 2 v 2 α n v n V transforma x de la base canónica a la base v 1 v 2 v n

DiagonalizaciÓN de matrices y salidas

También podemos usar los vectores v 1 v 2 v n para representar la salida b , del sistema: b A x A α 1 v 1 α 2 v 2 α n v n A x α 1 λ 1 v 1 α 2 λ 2 v 2 α n λ n v n b A x   v 1 v 2 v n   λ 1 α 1 λ 1 α n A x V Λ α A x V Λ V -1 x donde Λ es la matriz con eigenvalores en la diagonal: Λ λ 1 0 0 0 λ 2 0 0 0 λ n Finalmente, podemos cancelar las x y quedarnos con una ecuación final para A : A V Λ V -1

1 interpretaciÓN

Para nuestra interpretación, recordemos nuestra formulas: α V -1 x b i α i λ i v i podemos interpretar el funcionamiento de x con A como: x 1 x n α 1 α n λ 1 α 1 λ 1 α n b 1 b n Donde los tres pasos (las flechas) en la ilustración anterior representan las siguientes tres operaciones:

  • Transformar x usando V -1 , nos da α
  • Multiplicar por Λ
  • Transformada Inversa usando V , lo que nos da b
¡Este es el paradigma que usaremos para los sistemas LTI!

Ilustración simple del sistema LTI.

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Source:  OpenStax, Señales y sistemas. OpenStax CNX. Sep 28, 2006 Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col10373/1.2
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