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- Die lees, ontleding en vertolking
Sosiale wetenskappe: aardrykskunde
Graad 7
Kaartwerk
Module 11
Die lees, ontleding en vertolking van vertikale lugfoto’s en ortofotokaarte
- Voordat van julle verwag kan word om vertikale lugfoto’s en ortofotokaarte verder te interpreteer, het julle heelwat meer inligting hieroor nodig.
‘n
Vertikale lugfoto van ‘n gebied word vanuit ‘n vliegtuig reg van bo-af geneem.
Voordele
- Die meeste voorwerpe is sigbaar;
- Die uitleg van paaie en spoorlyne is duidelik sigbaar;
- Hoë bome, berge en geboue word maklik herken aan die skaduwees wat hulle gooi.
Nadele
- Die beeld wat jy sien, is van bo-af en dus ongewoon vir die mens. Dis ‘n ongewone gesigshoek wat baie oefening, kennis en ondervinding vereis om te kan lees.
- Dit is in swart en wit en kan verwarrend wees.
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Vertikale lugfoto’s word as basis gebruik wanneer topografiese kaarte geteken word. Inligting van die lugfoto word deur kartograwe (mense wat opgelei is om akkurate kaarte te teken) oorgedra op papier deur gebruik te maak van die internasionale simboolsleutel en kleure waarvan julle reeds geleer het.
- Vandag is
ortofotokaarte baie gewild vir kaartbestudering. Die eienskappe van die 1:50 000 topografiese kaart en dié van die vertikale lugfoto word gekombineer om ‘n ortofotokaart te teken.
‘n Ortofotokaart is dus ‘n vertikale lugfoto op ‘n laer vlak van 1:10 000, waarop kontoerlyne ingeteken is .
- Kontoer-tussenruimtes van 5 meter word gebruik sodat baie fyn detail sigbaar is. Selfs sekere plekname, spoorlyne, paaie, ens., word op die foto gedruk. ‘n Mens kan dus die voorwerpe makliker identifiseer. Kaarte en foto’s het dus elkeen hulle besondere kenmerke, voordele en nadele. ‘n Mens kan eintlik net ‘n duidelike voorstelling van ‘n landskap vorm wanneer jy ‘n topografiese kaart en ‘n foto saam bestudeer.
- ‘n
Topografiese kaart is ‘n voorstelling van die aardoppervlakte volgens skaal en aan die hand van ‘n simboolsleutel. Dit gee ‘n duidelike, vereenvoudigde beeld waarop slegs bepaalde kenmerke getoon word. ‘n Topografiese kaart is dus nie altyd heeltemal akkuraat nie en kan ook verouderd wees.
- ‘n Vertikale lugfoto en ortofotokaart is wonderlike hulpmiddels as dit saam met ‘n topografiese kaart gebruik word. Alleenlik dan kan noukeurige kaart- en fotolesings gedoen word.
1. Hoe kyk ‘n mens na ‘n vertikale lugfoto of ortofotokaart?
As die skaal van die lugfoto bereken is, kan die lengte van voorwerpe bepaal word en afstand en oppervlaktes kan bereken word. ‘n Roostervormige dorpsnedersetting se oppervlakte kan byvoorbeeld so bepaal word.
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Mensgemaakte verskynsels is oor die algemeen reëlmatig. Dink hier maar aan geboue, omgeploegde landerye, paaie, spoorlyne en damwalle.
Natuurlike voorwerpe en verskynsels is weer onreëlmatig, soos berge, riviere, woude en grasvelde.
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Paaie is breë, liggrys lyne op ‘n foto. Nasionale paaie is gewoonlik reguit en sonder skerp draaie. Sekondêre paaie vertoon smaller en vertoon skerp draaie. Spoorlyne vertoon as smal, donkerder grys lyne met egalige draaie. Paaie sluit dikwels reghoekig bymekaar aan, terwyl spoorlyne geleidelik ineen loop.
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Riviere is breë, donkergrys lyne, met kurwes en draaie soos die rivier deur ‘n area kronkel en sytakke by die hoofstroom aansluit. Die V-vorm van ‘n sytak-aansluiting wys ALTYD stroom-af en so kan die vloeirigting bepaal word.
- Die tint of skakering van voorwerpe
Questions & Answers
how does Neisseria cause meningitis
is the branch of biology that deals with the study of microorganisms.
studies of microbes
Louisiaste
when we takee the specimen which lumbar,spin,
How bacteria create energy to survive?
Bacteria doesn't produce energy they are dependent upon their substrate in case of lack of nutrients they are able to make spores which helps them to sustain in harsh environments
_Adnan
But not all bacteria make spores, l mean Eukaryotic cells have Mitochondria which acts as powerhouse for them, since bacteria don't have it, what is the substitution for it?
Muhamad
they make spores
Louisiaste
what is sporadic nd endemic, epidemic
the significance of food webs for disease transmission
Abreham
food webs brings about an infection as an individual depends on number of diseased foods or carriers dully.
Mark
explain assimilatory nitrate reduction
Assimilatory nitrate reduction is a process that occurs in some microorganisms, such as bacteria and archaea, in which nitrate (NO3-) is reduced to nitrite (NO2-), and then further reduced to ammonia (NH3).
Elkana
This process is called assimilatory nitrate reduction because the nitrogen that is produced is incorporated in the cells of microorganisms where it can be used in the synthesis of amino acids and other nitrogen products
Elkana
Examples of thermophilic organisms
Give Examples of thermophilic organisms
Shu
advantages of normal Flora to the host
Prevent foreign microbes to the host
Abubakar
they provide healthier benefits to their hosts
ayesha
They are friends to host only when Host immune system is strong and become enemies when the host immune system is weakened . very bad relationship!
Mark
cell is the smallest unit of life
Fauziya
cell is the smallest unit of life
Akanni
cell is the structural and functional unit of life
Hasan
is the fundamental units of Life
Musa
what are emergency diseases
There are nothing like emergency disease but there are some common medical emergency which can occur simultaneously like Bleeding,heart attack,Breathing difficulties,severe pain heart stock.Hope you will get my point .Have a nice day ❣️
_Adnan
define infection ,prevention and control
Innocent
I think infection prevention and control is the avoidance of all things we do that gives out break of infections and promotion of health practices that promote life
Lubega
Heyy Lubega hussein where are u from?
_Adnan
which site have a normal flora
Many sites of the body have it
Skin
Nasal cavity
Oral cavity
Gastro intestinal tract
Safaa
skin,Oral,Nasal,GIt
Sadik
How can Commensal can Bacteria change into pathogen?
Sadik
How can Commensal Bacteria change into pathogen?
Sadik
what are the advantages of normal Flora to the host
Micheal
what are the ways of control and prevention of nosocomial infection in the hospital
Micheal
part of a tissue or an organ being wounded or bruised.
Wilfred
what term is used to name and classify microorganisms?
Binomial nomenclature
adeolu
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Source:
OpenStax, Aardrykskunde graad 7. OpenStax CNX. Sep 09, 2009 Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11020/1.1
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