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Indien q = 0 het ons slegs een afsnit by x = 0 .

Byvoorbeeld, die x -afsnit van g ( x ) = x 2 + 2 word gegee deur y = 0 te stel en dan:

g ( x ) = x 2 + 2 0 = x afsnit 2 + 2 - 2 = x afsnit 2

Hierdie antwoord is nie reëel nie. Daarom het die grafiek van g ( x ) = x 2 + 2 geen x -afsnitte nie.

Draaipunte

Die draaipunte van funksies van die vorm f ( x ) = a x 2 + q word gegee deur na die waardeversameling van die funksie te kyk. Ons weet dat indien a > 0 die waardeversameling van f ( x ) = a x 2 + q , gelyk is aan { f ( x ) : f ( x ) [ q , ) } en indien a < 0 is die waardeversameling van f ( x ) = a x 2 + q , gelyk aan { f ( x ) : f ( x ) ( - , q ] } .

Indien a > 0 , is die laagste waarde wat f ( x ) kan wees q . Ons los dan vir x op by die punt f ( x ) = q :

q = a x d p 2 + q 0 = a x d p 2 0 = x d p 2 x d p = 0

x = 0 by f ( x ) = q . Die koördinate van die (minimum) draaipunt is dan ( 0 , q ) .

Soortgelyk, indien a < 0 , is die hoogse waarde wat f ( x ) kan wees q en die koördinate van die (maksimum) draaipunt is ( 0 , q ) .

Simmetrie-asse

Daar is een simmetrie-as vir die funksie met die vorm f ( x ) = a x 2 + q en dit gaan deur die draaipunt. Omdat die draaipunt op die y -as lê, is die y -as die simmetrie-as.

Trek grafieke van die vorm f ( x ) = a x 2 + q

Om 'n grafiek te trek van die vorm, f ( x ) = a x 2 + q , het ons vyf eienskappe nodig:

  1. die teken van a
  2. die definisie- en waadeversameling
  3. draaipunte
  4. y -afsnit
  5. x -afsnitte

Byvoorbeeld, stip die grafiek van g ( x ) = - 1 2 x 2 - 3 . Merk die afsnitte, draaipunt en die simmetrie-as.

Eerstens sien ons dat a < 0 . Dit beteken dat die grafiek 'n maksimum draaipunt het.

Die definisieversameling van die grafiek is { x : x R } , omdat f ( x ) gedefinieërd is vir alle x R . Die waardeversameling van die grafiek word bepaal as volg:

x 2 0 - 1 2 x 2 0 - 1 2 x 2 - 3 - 3 f ( x ) - 3

Dus is die waardeversameling van die grafiek { f ( x ) : f ( x ) ( - , - 3 ] } .

Indien ons die feit gebruik dat die maksimum waarde wat f ( x ) bereik -3 is, weet ons dat die y -koördinaat van die draaipunt -3 is. Die x -koördinaat word bepaal as volg:

- 1 2 x 2 - 3 = - 3 - 1 2 x 2 - 3 + 3 = 0 - 1 2 x 2 = 0 Deel beide kante met - 1 2 : x 2 = 0 Neem vierkantswortel beide kante : x = 0 x = 0

Die koördinate van die draaipunt is dan: ( 0 ; - 3 ) .

Die y -afsnit word bepaal deur x = 0 te stel:

y afsnit = - 1 2 ( 0 ) 2 - 3 = - 1 2 ( 0 ) - 3 = - 3

Die x -afsnit word bepaal deur y = 0 te stel:

0 = - 1 2 x afsnit 2 - 3 3 = - 1 2 x afsnit 2 - 3 . 2 = x afsnit 2 - 6 = x afsnit 2

Die oplossing van die vergelyking is nie reëel nie. Daarom is daar geen x -afsnitte nie, wat beteken die funksie sny of raak nie die x -as nie.

Ons weet dat die y -as die simmetrie-as is.

Eindelik kan ons die grafiek teken. Let op dat slegs die y-afsnit gemerk is. Die grafiek het 'n maksimum draaipunt, soos vasgestel deur die teken van a. Daar is geen x-afsnitte nie en die draaipunt is gelyk aan die y-afsnit. Die definisievesameling is alle reële getalle en die waardeversameling is { f ( x ) : f ( x ) ( - , - 3 ] } .

Grafiek van die funksie f ( x ) = - 1 2 x 2 - 3

Trek die grafiek van y = 3 x 2 + 5 .

  1. Die teken van a is positief. Die parabool sal dus 'n minimumdraaipunt hê.
  2. Die gebied is: { x : x R } en die terrein is: { f ( x ) : f ( x ) [ 5 , ) } .
  3. Die draaipunt is by ( 0 , q ) . Vir hierdie funksie is q = 5 , dus die draaipunt is by ( 0 , 5 )
  4. By die y-afsnit is x = 0 . Berekening van die y-afsnit gee:
    y = 3 x 2 + 5 y int = 3 ( 0 ) 2 + 5 y int = 5
  5. Die x-afsnitte is waar y = 0 . Berekening van die x-afsnitte gee:
    y = 3 x 2 + 5 0 = 3 x 2 + 5 x 2 = - 3 5
    wat nie reëel is nie. Dus is daar geen x-afsnitte nie.
  6. Al hierdie inligting gee vir ons die volgende grafiek:

Die volgende video wys een manier om grafieke te trek. Let op dat die term "vertex" in die video gebruik word vir die draaipunt.

Khan akademie video oor paraboolgrafieke - 1

Parabole

  1. Wys dat indien a < 0 is die waardeversameling van f ( x ) = a x 2 + q , { f ( x ) : f ( x ) ( - ; q ] } is.
  2. Trek die grafiek van die funksie y = - x 2 + 4 en toon al die afsnitte met die asse.
  3. Twee parabole is geteken: g : y = a x 2 + p en h : y = b x 2 + q .
    1. Vind die waardes van a en p .
    2. Vind die waardes van b en q .
    3. Vind die waardes van x waarvoor a x 2 + p b x 2 + q .
    4. Vir watter waardes van x is g toenemend?

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Source:  OpenStax, Siyavula textbooks: wiskunde (graad 10) [caps]. OpenStax CNX. Aug 04, 2011 Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11328/1.4
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