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Inleiding

Meetkunde (Grieks: geo = aarde, metria = meet) het ontstaan as die veld van kennis wat ruimtelike verhoudings hanteer. Dit was een van die twee velde van pre-moderne wiskunde. Die ander veld was die studie van getalle. In die moderne tyd het meetkundige begrippe baie kompleks en abstrak geraak en is dit skaars herkenbaar as ʼn uitvloeisel van vroeë meetkunde.

Werk in pare of groepe en bestudeer die geskiedenis van die onstaan van meetkunde. Beskryf die verskillende stadiums van ontwikkeling en hoe meetkunde later gebruik is deur mense om hul lewens te verbeter. Die lys van stadiums moet dien as ʼn riglyn en hoef slegs die minimum vereistes te beskryf.

  1. Antieke Indiese meetkunde (ong. 3000 - 500 V.C.)
    1. Harappanse meetkunde
    2. Vediese meetkunde
  2. Klassieke Griekse meetkunde (ong. 600 - 300 V.C.)
    1. Thales en Pythagoras
    2. Plato
  3. Hellenistiese meetkunde (ong. 300 V.C - 500 N.C )
    1. Euclides
    2. Archimedes

Vierhoeke

In hierdie afdeling sal ons kyk na die eienskappe van sekere spesiale vierhoeke. Ons sal dan hierdie eienskappe gebruik om meetkundige probleme op te los. Dit is belangrik om daarop te let dat alhoewel al die eienskappe van ʼn figuur gegee word, benodig ons net sekere unieke eienskappe van die vierhoek om te bewys dat dit wel daardie spesifieke vierhoek is. Byvoorbeeld, as ons ʼn vierhoek het met twee pare parallellesye, dan is daardie vierhoek ʼn parallelogram. Ons kan dan die ander eienskappe van die vierhoek aflei deur ons kennis van parallellelyne en driehoeke te gebruik.

Trapesium

ʼn Trapesium is ʼn vierhoek waarvan ten minste een paar teenoorgestelde sye parallel loop. Dit word soms ook ʼn trapesoïed genoem. ʼn Spesiale tipe trapesium is die gelykbenige trapesium , waar een paar teenoorstaande sye parallel is en die ander paar ewe lank is. Die hoeke aan die eindpunte van elke parallelle sy is ewe groot. ʼn Gelykbenige trapesium het een lyn van simmetrie en sy hoeklyne is ewe lank.

Voorbeelde van trapesiums

Parallelogram

ʼn Trapesium met beide pare teenoorstaande sye parallel, word ʼn parallelogram genoem. ʼn Opsomming van die eienskappe van ʼn parallelogram is:

  • Beide pare teenoorstaande sye is parallel.
  • Beide pare teenoorstaande sye is ewe lank.
  • Beide pare teenoorstaande hoeke is ewe groot.
  • Beide hoeklyne/diagonale halveer mekaar (d.w.s. hulle sny mekaar in die helfte)
ʼn Voorbeeld van ʼn parallelogram

Reghoek

ʼn Reghoek is ʼn parallelogram met al vier hoeke ewe groot en gelyk aan 90 . ʼn Opsomming van die eienskappe van ʼn reghoek is:

  • Beide pare teenoorstaande sye is parallel.
  • Beide pare teenoorstaande sye is ewe lank.
  • Die hoeklyne halveer mekaar.
  • Die hoeklyne is ewe lank.
  • Alle hoekpunte is regte hoeke.
Voorbeeld van ʼn reghoek

Rombus / ruit

ʼn Rombus (ruit) is ʼn parallelogram waarvan al vier sye ewe lank is. ʼn Opsomming van die eienskappe van ʼn rombus is:

  • Beide pare teenoorstaande sye is parallel.
  • Al vier sye is ewe lank.
  • Beide pare teenoorstaande hoeke is ewe groot.
  • Die diagonale halveer mekaar met hoeke van 90 .
  • Diagonale halveer die teenoorstaande hoeke.
ʼn Voorbeeld van ʼn ruit, ʼn parallelogram met al vier sye ewe lank

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Source:  OpenStax, Siyavula textbooks: wiskunde (graad 10) [caps]. OpenStax CNX. Aug 04, 2011 Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11328/1.4
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