The Universal Product Code (UPC), often known as a bar
code, labels virtually every sold good. An
example of a
portion of the code is shown.
Here a sequence of black and white bars, each having width
, presents an 11-digit number
(consisting of decimal digits) that uniquely identifies theproduct. In retail stores, laser scanners read this code,
and after accessing a database of prices, enter the priceinto the cash register.
How many bars must be used to represent a single
digit?
A complication of the laser scanning system is that
the bar code must be read either forwards or backwards.Now how many bars are needed to represent each
digit?
What is the probability that the 11-digit code is
read correctly if the probability of reading a singlebit incorrectly is
?
How many error correcting bars would need to be
present so that any single bar error occurring in the11-digit code can be corrected?
Error correcting codes
A code maps pairs of information bits into codewords of
length 5 as follows.
Data
Codeword
00
00000
01
01101
10
10111
11
11010
What is this code's efficiency?
Find the generator matrix
and parity-check
matrix
for this code.
Give the decoding table for this code. How many
patterns of 1, 2, and 3 errors are correctlydecoded?
What is the block error
probability (the probability of any number of errors
occurring in the decoded codeword)?
Digital communication
A digital source produces sequences of nine letters with the following probabilities.
letter
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
probability
Find a Huffman code that compresses this source.
How does the resulting code compare with the best possible code?
A clever engineer proposes the following (6,3) code to correct errors after transmission through a digital channel.
What is the error correction capability of this code?
The channel's bit error probability is 1/8.
What kind of code should be used to transmit data over this channel?
Overly designed error correction codes
An Aggie engineer wants not only to have codewords for his
data, but also to hide the information from Rice engineers(no fear of the UT engineers). He decides to represent
3-bit data with 6-bit codewords in which none of the databits appear explicitly.
Find the generator matrix
and parity-check matrix
for this
code.
Find a
matrix that recovers the data bits from the
codeword.
What is the error correcting capability of the
code?
Error correction?
It is important to realize that when more transmission
errors than can be corrected, error correction algorithmsbelieve that a smaller number of errors have occurred and
correct accordingly. For example, consider a (7,4) Hammingcode having the generator matrix
This code corrects all single-bit error, but if a double bit error
occurs, it corrects using a single-bit error correction approach.
How many double-bit errors can occur in a
codeword?
For each double-bit error pattern, what is the
result of channel decoding? Express your result as abinary error sequence for the data bits.
Questions & Answers
differentiate between demand and supply
giving examples
In economics, a perfect market refers to a theoretical construct where all participants have perfect information, goods are homogenous, there are no barriers to entry or exit, and prices are determined solely by supply and demand. It's an idealized model used for analysis,
When MP₁ becomes negative, TP start to decline.
Extuples Suppose that the short-run production function of certain cut-flower firm is given by: Q=4KL-0.6K2 - 0.112 •
Where is quantity of cut flower produced, I is labour input and K is fixed capital input (K-5). Determine the average product of lab
Kelo
Extuples Suppose that the short-run production function of certain cut-flower firm is given by: Q=4KL-0.6K2 - 0.112 •
Where is quantity of cut flower produced, I is labour input and K is fixed capital input (K-5). Determine the average product of labour (APL) and marginal product of labour (MPL)
Quantity demanded refers to the specific amount of a good or service that consumers are willing and able to purchase at a give price and within a specific time period. Demand, on the other hand, is a broader concept that encompasses the entire relationship between price and quantity demanded
Ezea
ok
Shukri
how do you save a country economic situation when it's falling apart
Economic growth as an increase in the production and consumption of goods and services within an economy.but
Economic development as a broader concept that encompasses not only economic growth but also social & human well being.
Shukri
production function means
Jabir
What do you think is more important to focus on when considering inequality ?
sir...I just want to ask one question... Define the term contract curve? if you are free please help me to find this answer 🙏
Asui
it is a curve that we get after connecting the pareto optimal combinations of two consumers after their mutually beneficial trade offs
Awais
thank you so much 👍 sir
Asui
In economics, the contract curve refers to the set of points in an Edgeworth box diagram where both parties involved in a trade cannot be made better off without making one of them worse off. It represents the Pareto efficient allocations of goods between two individuals or entities, where neither p
Cornelius
In economics, the contract curve refers to the set of points in an Edgeworth box diagram where both parties involved in a trade cannot be made better off without making one of them worse off. It represents the Pareto efficient allocations of goods between two individuals or entities,
Cornelius
Suppose a consumer consuming two commodities X and Y has
The following utility function u=X0.4 Y0.6. If the price of the X and Y are 2 and 3 respectively and income Constraint is birr 50.
A,Calculate quantities of x and y which maximize utility.
B,Calculate value of Lagrange multiplier.
C,Calculate quantities of X and Y consumed with a given price.
D,alculate optimum level of output .
the market for lemon has 10 potential consumers, each having an individual demand curve p=101-10Qi, where p is price in dollar's per cup and Qi is the number of cups demanded per week by the i th consumer.Find the market demand curve using algebra. Draw an individual demand curve and the market dema
suppose the production function is given by ( L, K)=L¼K¾.assuming capital is fixed find APL and MPL. consider the following short run production function:Q=6L²-0.4L³ a) find the value of L that maximizes output b)find the value of L that maximizes marginal product