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Suppose, for example, that we have two time series, each of which is composed of two sinusoidal components as follows:

f(x) = cos(ax) + cos (bx) g(x) = cos(cx) + cos(dx)

The product of the two time series is given by:

h(x) = f(x)*g(x) = (cos(ax) + cos (bx)) * (cos(cx) + cos(dx))

where the asterisk (*) means multiplication.

Multiplying this out produces the following:

h(x) = cos(ax)*cos(cx) + cos(ax)*cos(dx)+ cos(bx)*cos(cx) + cos(bx)*cos(dx)

A sum of products of sinusoids

Thus, the time series produced by multiplying any two time series consists of the sum of a (potentially large) number of terms, each of which is the product of two sinusoids.

The product of two sinusoids

We probably need to learn a little about the product of two sinusoids. I will discuss this topic with a little more mathematical rigor in a future module. Inthis module, however, I will simply illustrate the topic using graphs.

Important: The product of two sinusoids is always a new time series, which is the sum of two new sinusoids.

The frequencies of the new sinusoids

The frequencies of the new sinusoids are different from the frequencies of the original sinusoids. Furthermore, the frequency of one of the new sinusoidsmay be zero.

What is a sinusoid with zero frequency?

As a practical matter, a sinusoid with zero frequency is simply a constant value. It plots as a horizontal straight lineversus time.

Think of it this way. As the frequency of the sinusoid approaches zero, the period, (which is the reciprocal of frequency), approaches infinity. Thus, the width of the first lobe of the sinusoid widens, causing every value in thatlobe to be the same as the first value.

This will become a very important concept as we pursue DSP operations.

Sum and difference frequencies

More specifically, when you multiply two sinusoids, the frequency of one of the sinusoids in the new time series is the sum of the frequencies of the two sinusoids that were multiplied together. The frequency of the othersinusoid in the new time series is the difference between the frequencies of the two sinusoids that were multiplied together.

An important special case

For the special case where the two original sinusoids have the same frequency, the difference frequency is zero and one of the sinusoids in the newtime series has a frequency of zero. It is this special case that makes digital filtering and digital spectrum analysis possible.

Many sinusoidal products

When we multiply two time series and compute the average of the resulting time series, we are in effect computing the average of the products of all theindividual sinusoidal components contained in the two time series. That is, the new time series contains the products of (potentially many) individual sinusoids contained in the two original time series. In the end, it all comesdown to computing the average value of products of sinusoids.

Product of sinusoids with same frequency

The product of any pair of sinusoids that have the same frequency will produce a time series containing the sum of two sinusoids. One of the sinusoidswill have a frequency of zero (hence it will have a constant value). The other sinusoid will have a frequency that is double the frequency of theoriginal sinusoids.

Questions & Answers

Ayele, K., 2003. Introductory Economics, 3rd ed., Addis Ababa.
Widad Reply
can you send the book attached ?
Ariel
?
Ariel
What is economics
Widad Reply
the study of how humans make choices under conditions of scarcity
AI-Robot
U(x,y) = (x×y)1/2 find mu of x for y
Desalegn Reply
U(x,y) = (x×y)1/2 find mu of x for y
Desalegn
what is ecnomics
Jan Reply
this is the study of how the society manages it's scarce resources
Belonwu
what is macroeconomic
John Reply
macroeconomic is the branch of economics which studies actions, scale, activities and behaviour of the aggregate economy as a whole.
husaini
etc
husaini
difference between firm and industry
husaini Reply
what's the difference between a firm and an industry
Abdul
firm is the unit which transform inputs to output where as industry contain combination of firms with similar production 😅😅
Abdulraufu
Suppose the demand function that a firm faces shifted from Qd  120 3P to Qd  90  3P and the supply function has shifted from QS  20  2P to QS 10  2P . a) Find the effect of this change on price and quantity. b) Which of the changes in demand and supply is higher?
Toofiq Reply
explain standard reason why economic is a science
innocent Reply
factors influencing supply
Petrus Reply
what is economic.
Milan Reply
scares means__________________ends resources. unlimited
Jan
economics is a science that studies human behaviour as a relationship b/w ends and scares means which have alternative uses
Jan
calculate the profit maximizing for demand and supply
Zarshad Reply
Why qualify 28 supplies
Milan
what are explicit costs
Nomsa Reply
out-of-pocket costs for a firm, for example, payments for wages and salaries, rent, or materials
AI-Robot
concepts of supply in microeconomics
David Reply
economic overview notes
Amahle Reply
identify a demand and a supply curve
Salome Reply
i don't know
Parul
there's a difference
Aryan
Demand curve shows that how supply and others conditions affect on demand of a particular thing and what percent demand increase whith increase of supply of goods
Israr
Hi Sir please how do u calculate Cross elastic demand and income elastic demand?
Abari
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Source:  OpenStax, Digital signal processing - dsp. OpenStax CNX. Jan 06, 2016 Download for free at https://legacy.cnx.org/content/col11642/1.38
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