# 8.8 Exploring the biochemical and mechanical effects of intestinal  (Page 5/6)

 Page 5 / 6

## Myosin activation

The activation of the ${M}_{K}$ complex includes 4 $C{a}^{{2}^{+}}$ ions bonded to calmodulin and myosin light chain kinase. Side reactions include the disassociation of the kinase from the complex and interactions with binding proteins. These interactions were modeled using mass action kinetics summarized in 9 reactions from [link] .

$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \frac{d\left[C\right]}{dt}& ={r}_{1}\left[C{a}_{2}C\right]+{r}_{3}\left[{C}_{{M}_{K}}\right]+{r}_{8}\left[{C}_{{B}_{P}}\right]-{f}_{1}{\left[C{a}^{{2}^{+}}\right]}^{2}\left[C\right]\hfill \\ & -{f}_{3}\left[C\right]\left[{M}_{K}\right]-{f}_{8}\left[C\right]\left[{B}_{P}\right]\hfill \\ \hfill \frac{d\left[{M}_{K}\right]}{dt}& ={r}_{3}\left[{C}_{{M}_{K}}\right]+{r}_{4}\left[C{a}_{2}{C}_{{M}_{K}}\right]+{r}_{5}\left[C{a}_{4}{C}_{{M}_{K}}\right]-{f}_{3}\left[C\right]\left[{M}_{K}\right]\hfill \\ & -{f}_{4}\left[{M}_{K}\right]\left[C{a}_{2}C\right]-{f}_{5}\left[{M}_{K}\right]\left[C{a}_{4}C\right]\hfill \\ \hfill \frac{d\left[C{a}_{2}C\right]}{dt}& ={f}_{1}{\left[C{a}^{{2}^{+}}\right]}^{2}\left[C\right]+{r}_{2}\left[C{a}_{4}C\right]+{r}_{4}\left[C{a}_{2}{C}_{{M}_{K}}\right]\hfill \\ & +{f}_{9}{\left[C{a}^{{2}^{+}}\right]}^{2}\left[{C}_{{B}_{P}}\right]-{r}_{1}\left[C{a}_{2}C\right]-{f}_{2}{\left[C{a}^{{2}^{+}}\right]}^{2}\left[C{a}_{2}C\right]\hfill \\ & -{f}_{4}\left[{M}_{K}\right]\left[C{a}_{2}C\right]-{r}_{9}\left[C{a}_{2}C\right]\left[{B}_{P}\right]\hfill \\ \hfill \frac{d\left[C{a}_{4}C\right]}{dt}& ={f}_{2}{\left[C{a}^{{2}^{+}}\right]}^{2}\left[C{a}_{2}C\right]+{r}_{5}\left[C{a}_{4}{C}_{{M}_{K}}\right]-{r}_{2}\left[C{a}_{4}C\right]\hfill \\ & -{f}_{5}\left[{M}_{K}\right]\left[C{a}_{4}C\right]\hfill \\ \hfill \frac{d\left[{C}_{{M}_{K}}\right]}{dt}& ={f}_{3}\left[C\right]\left[{M}_{K}\right]+{r}_{6}\left[C{a}_{2}{C}_{{M}_{K}}\right]-{r}_{3}\left[{C}_{{M}_{K}}\right]\hfill \\ & -{f}_{6}{\left[C{a}^{{2}^{+}}\right]}^{2}\left[{C}_{{M}_{K}}\right]\hfill \\ \hfill \frac{d\left[C{a}_{2}{C}_{{M}_{K}}\right]}{dt}& ={f}_{4}\left[{M}_{K}\right]\left[C{a}_{2}C\right]+{f}_{6}{\left[C{a}^{{2}^{+}}\right]}^{2}\left[{C}_{{M}_{K}}\right]+{r}_{7}\left[C{a}_{4}{C}_{{M}_{K}}\right]\hfill \\ & -{r}_{4}\left[C{a}_{2}{C}_{{M}_{K}}\right]-{r}_{6}\left[C{a}_{2}{C}_{{M}_{K}}\right]-{f}_{7}{\left[C{a}^{{2}^{+}}\right]}^{2}\left[C{a}_{2}{C}_{{M}_{K}}\right]\hfill \\ \hfill \frac{d\left[C{a}_{4}{C}_{{M}_{K}}\right]}{dt}& ={f}_{5}\left[{M}_{K}\right]\left[C{a}_{4}C\right]+{f}_{7}{\left[C{a}^{{2}^{+}}\right]}^{2}\left[C{a}_{2}{C}_{{M}_{K}}\right]\hfill \\ & -{r}_{5}\left[C{a}_{4}{C}_{{M}_{K}}\right]-{r}_{7}\left[C{a}_{4}{C}_{{M}_{K}}\right]\hfill \\ \hfill \frac{d\left[{B}_{P}\right]}{dt}& ={r}_{8}\left[{C}_{{B}_{P}}\right]+{f}_{9}{\left[C{a}^{{2}^{+}}\right]}^{2}\left[{C}_{{B}_{P}}\right]-{f}_{8}\left[C\right]\left[{B}_{P}\right]\hfill \\ & -{r}_{9}\left[C{a}_{2}C\right]\left[{B}_{P}\right]\hfill \\ \hfill \frac{d\left[{C}_{{B}_{P}}\right]}{dt}& ={f}_{8}\left[C\right]\left[{B}_{P}\right]+{r}_{9}\left[C{a}_{2}C\right]\left[{B}_{P}\right]-{r}_{8}\left[{C}_{{B}_{P}}\right]\hfill \\ & -{f}_{9}{\left[C{a}^{{2}^{+}}\right]}^{2}\left[{C}_{{B}_{P}}\right]\hfill \end{array}$
 ${\left[C\right]}_{0}=$ $0.9285\phantom{\rule{0.277778em}{0ex}}\mu M$ Initial Calmodulin (C) concentration [link] ${\left[{M}_{K}\right]}_{0}=$ $9.6506\phantom{\rule{0.277778em}{0ex}}\mu M$ Initial Myosin LC Kinase ( ${M}_{K}$ ) concentration [link] ${\left[C{a}_{2}C\right]}_{0}=$ $0.0015\phantom{\rule{0.277778em}{0ex}}\mu M$ Initial $C{a}_{2}C$ complex concentration [link] ${\left[C{a}_{4}C\right]}_{0}=$ $0.00\phantom{\rule{0.277778em}{0ex}}\mu M$ Initial $C{a}_{4}C$ complex concentration [link] ${\left[{C}_{{M}_{K}}\right]}_{0}=$ $0.3332\phantom{\rule{0.277778em}{0ex}}\mu M$ Initial $C{M}_{K}$ complex concentration [link] ${\left[C{a}_{2}{C}_{{M}_{K}}\right]}_{0}=$ $0.2713\phantom{\rule{0.277778em}{0ex}}\mu M$ Initial $C{a}_{2}C{M}_{K}$ complex concentration [link] ${\left[C{a}_{4}{C}_{{M}_{K}}\right]}_{0}=$ $0.013\phantom{\rule{0.277778em}{0ex}}\mu M$ Initial $C{a}_{4}C{M}_{K}$ activated complex concentration [link] ${\left[{B}_{P}\right]}_{0}=$ $15.1793\phantom{\rule{0.277778em}{0ex}}\mu M$ Initial Binding Protein ( ${B}_{P}$ ) concentration [link] ${\left[{C}_{{B}_{P}}\right]}_{0}=$ $2.8207\phantom{\rule{0.277778em}{0ex}}\mu M$ Initial $C-{B}_{P}$ complex concentration [link] $\left[{f}_{1}\phantom{\rule{0.277778em}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{0.277778em}{0ex}}{r}_{1}\right]=$ $\left[12\phantom{\rule{0.277778em}{0ex}}\mu {M}^{-1}$ $12\right]{s}^{-1}$ Forward and reverse rates for reaction 1 [link] $\left[{f}_{2}\phantom{\rule{0.277778em}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{0.277778em}{0ex}}{r}_{2}\right]=$ $\left[480\phantom{\rule{0.277778em}{0ex}}\mu {M}^{-1}$ $1200\right]{s}^{-1}$ Forward and reverse rates for reaction 2 [link] $\left[{f}_{3}\phantom{\rule{0.277778em}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{0.277778em}{0ex}}{r}_{3}\right]=$ $\left[5\phantom{\rule{0.277778em}{0ex}}\mu {M}^{-1}$ $135\right]{s}^{-1}$ Forward and reverse rates for reaction 3 [link] $\left[{f}_{4}\phantom{\rule{0.277778em}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{0.277778em}{0ex}}{r}_{4}\right]=$ $\left[840\phantom{\rule{0.277778em}{0ex}}\mu {M}^{-1}$ $45.4\right]{s}^{-1}$ Forward and reverse rates for reaction 4 [link] $\left[{f}_{5}\phantom{\rule{0.277778em}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{0.277778em}{0ex}}{r}_{5}\right]=$ $\left[28\phantom{\rule{0.277778em}{0ex}}\mu {M}^{-1}$ $0.0308\right]{s}^{-1}$ Forward and reverse rates for reaction 5 [link] $\left[{f}_{6}\phantom{\rule{0.277778em}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{0.277778em}{0ex}}{r}_{6}\right]=$ $\left[120\phantom{\rule{0.277778em}{0ex}}\mu {M}^{-1}$ $4\right]{s}^{-1}$ Forward and reverse rates for reaction 6 [link] $\left[{f}_{7}\phantom{\rule{0.277778em}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{0.277778em}{0ex}}{r}_{7}\right]=$ $\left[7.5\phantom{\rule{0.277778em}{0ex}}\mu {M}^{-1}$ $3.75\right]{s}^{-1}$ Forward and reverse rates for reaction 7 [link] $\left[{f}_{8}\phantom{\rule{0.277778em}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{0.277778em}{0ex}}{r}_{8}\right]=$ $\left[5\phantom{\rule{0.277778em}{0ex}}\mu {M}^{-1}$ $25\right]{s}^{-1}$ Forward and reverse rates for reaction 8 [link] $\left[{f}_{9}\phantom{\rule{0.277778em}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{0.277778em}{0ex}}{r}_{9}\right]=$ $\left[7.6\phantom{\rule{0.277778em}{0ex}}\mu {M}^{-1}$ $22.8\right]{s}^{-1}$ Forward and reverse rates for reaction 9 [link]

## Force generation

The interactions between myosin, actin, and the activated ${M}_{K}$ complex were modeled using Henri-Michaelis-Menten Enzyme Kinetics from [link] .

$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \frac{d\left[M\right]}{dt}& =-\frac{{k}_{1}\left[C{a}_{4}{C}_{{M}_{K}}\right]\left[M\right]}{{k}_{2}+\left[M\right]}+\frac{{k}_{5}\left[{M}_{L}\right]\left[{M}_{p}\right]}{{k}_{6}+\left[{M}_{p}\right]}+{k}_{7}\left[{A}_{M}\right]\hfill \\ \hfill \frac{d\left[{M}_{p}\right]}{dt}& =\frac{{k}_{1}\left[C{a}_{4}{C}_{{M}_{K}}\right]\left[M\right]}{{k}_{2}+\left[M\right]}-\frac{{k}_{5}\left[{M}_{L}\right]\left[{M}_{p}\right]}{{k}_{6}+\left[{M}_{p}\right]}-{k}_{3}\left[{M}_{p}\right]+{k}_{4}\left[{A}_{{M}_{p}}\right]\hfill \\ \hfill \frac{d\left[{A}_{{M}_{p}}\right]}{dt}& ={k}_{3}\left[{M}_{p}\right]-{k}_{4}\left[{A}_{{M}_{p}}\right]+\frac{{k}_{1}\left[C{a}_{4}{C}_{{M}_{K}}\right]\left[{A}_{M}\right]}{{k}_{2}+\left[{A}_{M}\right]}\hfill \\ & -\frac{{k}_{5}\left[{M}_{L}\right]\left[{A}_{{M}_{p}}\right]}{{k}_{6}+\left[{A}_{{M}_{p}}\right]}\hfill \\ \hfill \frac{d\left[{A}_{M}\right]}{dt}& =-\frac{{k}_{1}\left[C{a}_{4}{C}_{{M}_{K}}\right]\left[{A}_{M}\right]}{{k}_{2}+\left[{A}_{M}\right]}+\frac{{k}_{5}\left[{M}_{L}\right]\left[{A}_{{M}_{p}}\right]}{{k}_{6}+\left[{A}_{{M}_{p}}\right]}-{k}_{7}\left[{A}_{M}\right]\hfill \\ \hfill F\left(t\right)& ={F}_{max}\frac{\left[{A}_{M}\left(t\right)\right]+\left[{A}_{{M}_{p}}\left(t\right)\right]}{\left[{M}_{T}\right]}\hfill \end{array}$
 ${\left[M\right]}_{0}=$ $23.9558\phantom{\rule{0.277778em}{0ex}}\mu M$ Initial myosin concentration [link] ${\left[{M}_{p}\right]}_{0}=$ $0.0144\phantom{\rule{0.277778em}{0ex}}\mu M$ Initial phosphorylated myosin concentration [link] ${\left[{A}_{{M}_{p}}\right]}_{0}=$ $0.0166\phantom{\rule{0.277778em}{0ex}}\mu M$ Initial cross-bride concentration [link] ${\left[{A}_{M}\right]}_{0}=$ $0.0132\phantom{\rule{0.277778em}{0ex}}\mu M$ Initial latch-bridge concentration [link] $\left[{M}_{L}\right]=$ $7.5\phantom{\rule{0.277778em}{0ex}}\mu M$ Myosin light chain phosphatase concentration [link] $\left[{M}_{T}\right]=$ $24\phantom{\rule{0.277778em}{0ex}}\mu M$ Total myosin concentration [link] $F\left(t\right)=$ Force generated in $mN$ [link] ${F}_{max}=$ $70\phantom{\rule{0.277778em}{0ex}}mN$ Maximum force cell can generate [link] ${k}_{1}=$ $27{s}^{-1}$ Rate for reaction 10 [link] ${k}_{2}=$ $10\phantom{\rule{0.277778em}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{0.277778em}{0ex}}\mu M$ Rate for reaction 11 [link] ${k}_{3}=$ $15{s}^{-1}$ Forward rate for reaction 12 [link] ${k}_{4}=$ $5{s}^{-1}$ Reverse rate for reaction 12 [link] ${k}_{5}=$ $16{s}^{-1}$ Rate for reaction 13 [link] ${k}_{6}=$ $15\phantom{\rule{0.277778em}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{0.277778em}{0ex}}\mu M$ Rate for reaction 14 [link] ${k}_{7}=$ $10{s}^{-1}$ Rate for reaction 15 [link]

## Mechanical model

A variety of models which represent SMCs and other types of cells as mass-spring systems have been developed [link] , [link] , [link] , [link] , [link] , [link] . The most comparable of these models used a single contractile element and two passive elements: one to represent the elastic actin and myosin fibers and the other to represent the adjacent muscle cells and surroundings [link] . We present a novel mechanical model of the SMC which incorporates the previously described biochemical interactions to produce a comprehensive model of SMC contraction.

Do somebody tell me a best nano engineering book for beginners?
what is fullerene does it is used to make bukky balls
are you nano engineer ?
s.
what is the Synthesis, properties,and applications of carbon nano chemistry
so some one know about replacing silicon atom with phosphorous in semiconductors device?
Yeah, it is a pain to say the least. You basically have to heat the substarte up to around 1000 degrees celcius then pass phosphene gas over top of it, which is explosive and toxic by the way, under very low pressure.
Harper
how to fabricate graphene ink ?
for screen printed electrodes ?
SUYASH
What is lattice structure?
of graphene you mean?
Ebrahim
or in general
Ebrahim
in general
s.
Graphene has a hexagonal structure
tahir
On having this app for quite a bit time, Haven't realised there's a chat room in it.
Cied
what is biological synthesis of nanoparticles
what's the easiest and fastest way to the synthesize AgNP?
China
Cied
types of nano material
I start with an easy one. carbon nanotubes woven into a long filament like a string
Porter
many many of nanotubes
Porter
what is the k.e before it land
Yasmin
what is the function of carbon nanotubes?
Cesar
I'm interested in nanotube
Uday
what is nanomaterials​ and their applications of sensors.
what is nano technology
what is system testing?
preparation of nanomaterial
Yes, Nanotechnology has a very fast field of applications and their is always something new to do with it...
what is system testing
what is the application of nanotechnology?
Stotaw
In this morden time nanotechnology used in many field . 1-Electronics-manufacturad IC ,RAM,MRAM,solar panel etc 2-Helth and Medical-Nanomedicine,Drug Dilivery for cancer treatment etc 3- Atomobile -MEMS, Coating on car etc. and may other field for details you can check at Google
Azam
anybody can imagine what will be happen after 100 years from now in nano tech world
Prasenjit
after 100 year this will be not nanotechnology maybe this technology name will be change . maybe aftet 100 year . we work on electron lable practically about its properties and behaviour by the different instruments
Azam
name doesn't matter , whatever it will be change... I'm taking about effect on circumstances of the microscopic world
Prasenjit
how hard could it be to apply nanotechnology against viral infections such HIV or Ebola?
Damian
silver nanoparticles could handle the job?
Damian
not now but maybe in future only AgNP maybe any other nanomaterials
Azam
Hello
Uday
I'm interested in Nanotube
Uday
this technology will not going on for the long time , so I'm thinking about femtotechnology 10^-15
Prasenjit
can nanotechnology change the direction of the face of the world
At high concentrations (>0.01 M), the relation between absorptivity coefficient and absorbance is no longer linear. This is due to the electrostatic interactions between the quantum dots in close proximity. If the concentration of the solution is high, another effect that is seen is the scattering of light from the large number of quantum dots. This assumption only works at low concentrations of the analyte. Presence of stray light.
how did you get the value of 2000N.What calculations are needed to arrive at it
Privacy Information Security Software Version 1.1a
Good
Got questions? Join the online conversation and get instant answers!