4.1 Ionisation energy and trends  (Page 2/3)

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Exercise: the formation of ions

Match the information in column A with the information in column B by writing only the letter (A to I) next to the question number (1 to 7)

 1. A positive ion that has 3 less electrons than its neutral atom A. ${\mathrm{Mg}}^{2+}$ 2. An ion that has 1 more electron than its neutral atom B. ${\mathrm{Cl}}^{-}$ 3. The anion that is formed when bromine gains an electron C. ${\mathrm{CO}}_{3}^{2-}$ 4. The cation that is formed from a magnesium atom D. ${\mathrm{Al}}^{3+}$ 5. An example of a compound ion E. ${\mathrm{Br}}^{2-}$ 6. A positive ion with the electron configuration of argon F. ${\mathrm{K}}^{+}$ 7. A negative ion with the electron configuration of neon G. ${\mathrm{Mg}}^{+}$ H. ${\mathrm{O}}^{2-}$ I. ${\mathrm{Br}}^{-}$

Ionisation energy

Ionisation energy is the energy that is needed to remove one electron from an atom in the gas phase. The ionisation energy will be different for different atoms.

When we talk of ionisation energies and calculate these energies the atoms or molecules involved are in the gas phase.

The second ionisation energy is the energy that is needed to remove a second electron from an atom, and so on. As an energy level becomes more full, it becomes more and more difficult to remove an electron and the ionisation energy increases . On the Periodic Table of the Elements, a group is a vertical column of the elements, and a period is a horizontal row. In the periodic table, ionisation energy increases across a period, but decreases as you move down a group. The lower the ionisation energy, the more reactive the element will be because there is a greater chance of electrons being involved in chemical reactions. We will look at this in more detail in the next section.

Refer to the data table below which gives the ionisation energy (in $\mathrm{kJ}·\mathrm{mol}{}^{-1}$ ) and atomic number (Z) for a number of elements in the periodic table:

 Z Ionisation energy Z Ionisation energy 1 1310 10 2072 2 2360 11 494 3 517 12 734 4 895 13 575 5 797 14 783 6 1087 15 1051 7 1397 16 994 8 1307 17 1250 9 1673 18 1540
1. Draw a line graph to show the relationship between atomic number (on the x-axis) and ionisation energy (y-axis).
2. Describe any trends that you observe.
3. Explain why...
1. the ionisation energy for $Z=2$ is higher than for $Z=1$
2. the ionisation energy for $Z=3$ is lower than for $Z=2$
3. the ionisation energy increases between $Z=5$ and $Z=7$

The characteristics of each group are mostly determined by the electron configuration of the atoms of the element.

• Group 1: These elements are known as the alkali metals and they are very reactive. Note that although hydrogen appears in group 1, it is not an alkali metal.
• Group 2: These elements are known as the alkali earth metals . Each element only has two valence electrons and so in chemical reactions, the group 2 elements tend to lose these electrons so that the energy shells are complete. These elements are less reactive than those in group 1 because it is more difficult to lose two electrons than it is to lose one.
• Group 13 elements have three valence electrons.
• Group 16: These elements are sometimes known as the chalcogens. These elements are fairly reactive and tend to gain electrons to fill their outer shell.
• Group 17: These elements are known as the halogens . Each element is missing just one electron from its outer energy shell. These elements tend to gain electrons to fill this shell, rather than losing them. These elements are also very reactive.
• Group 18: These elements are the noble gases . All of the energy shells of the halogens are full and so these elements are very unreactive.
• Transition metals: The differences between groups in the transition metals are not usually dramatic.

how to know photocatalytic properties of tio2 nanoparticles...what to do now
it is a goid question and i want to know the answer as well
Maciej
Do somebody tell me a best nano engineering book for beginners?
what is fullerene does it is used to make bukky balls
are you nano engineer ?
s.
fullerene is a bucky ball aka Carbon 60 molecule. It was name by the architect Fuller. He design the geodesic dome. it resembles a soccer ball.
Tarell
what is the actual application of fullerenes nowadays?
Damian
That is a great question Damian. best way to answer that question is to Google it. there are hundreds of applications for buck minister fullerenes, from medical to aerospace. you can also find plenty of research papers that will give you great detail on the potential applications of fullerenes.
Tarell
what is the Synthesis, properties,and applications of carbon nano chemistry
Mostly, they use nano carbon for electronics and for materials to be strengthened.
Virgil
is Bucky paper clear?
CYNTHIA
so some one know about replacing silicon atom with phosphorous in semiconductors device?
Yeah, it is a pain to say the least. You basically have to heat the substarte up to around 1000 degrees celcius then pass phosphene gas over top of it, which is explosive and toxic by the way, under very low pressure.
Harper
Do you know which machine is used to that process?
s.
how to fabricate graphene ink ?
for screen printed electrodes ?
SUYASH
What is lattice structure?
of graphene you mean?
Ebrahim
or in general
Ebrahim
in general
s.
Graphene has a hexagonal structure
tahir
On having this app for quite a bit time, Haven't realised there's a chat room in it.
Cied
what is biological synthesis of nanoparticles
what's the easiest and fastest way to the synthesize AgNP?
China
Cied
types of nano material
I start with an easy one. carbon nanotubes woven into a long filament like a string
Porter
many many of nanotubes
Porter
what is the k.e before it land
Yasmin
what is the function of carbon nanotubes?
Cesar
I'm interested in nanotube
Uday
what is nanomaterials​ and their applications of sensors.
what is nano technology
what is system testing?
preparation of nanomaterial
Yes, Nanotechnology has a very fast field of applications and their is always something new to do with it...
what is system testing
what is the application of nanotechnology?
Stotaw
In this morden time nanotechnology used in many field . 1-Electronics-manufacturad IC ,RAM,MRAM,solar panel etc 2-Helth and Medical-Nanomedicine,Drug Dilivery for cancer treatment etc 3- Atomobile -MEMS, Coating on car etc. and may other field for details you can check at Google
Azam
anybody can imagine what will be happen after 100 years from now in nano tech world
Prasenjit
after 100 year this will be not nanotechnology maybe this technology name will be change . maybe aftet 100 year . we work on electron lable practically about its properties and behaviour by the different instruments
Azam
name doesn't matter , whatever it will be change... I'm taking about effect on circumstances of the microscopic world
Prasenjit
how hard could it be to apply nanotechnology against viral infections such HIV or Ebola?
Damian
silver nanoparticles could handle the job?
Damian
not now but maybe in future only AgNP maybe any other nanomaterials
Azam
Hello
Uday
I'm interested in Nanotube
Uday
this technology will not going on for the long time , so I'm thinking about femtotechnology 10^-15
Prasenjit
can nanotechnology change the direction of the face of the world
how did you get the value of 2000N.What calculations are needed to arrive at it
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The fundamental frequency of a sonometer wire streached by a load of relative density 's'are n¹ and n² when the load is in air and completly immersed in water respectively then the lation n²/na is
Properties of longitudinal waves