# 0.4 Lab 4 - sampling and reconstruction  (Page 5/7)

 Page 5 / 7

To start the second experiment, double click on the icon named Sampling and Reconstruction Using A Sample and Hold . [link] shows the initial setup for this exercise. It contains 4 Scopes to monitor the processing done in the sampling and reconstruction system. It also contains a Network Analyzer for measuring the frequency response and the impulse response of the system.

The Network Analyzer works by generating a weighted chirp signal (shown on Scope 1 ) as an input to the system-under-test. The frequency spectrumof this chirp signal is known. The analyzer then measures the frequency content of theoutput signal (shown on Scope 4 ). The transfer function is formed by computing the ratio of the outputfrequency spectrum to the input spectrum. The inverse Fourier transform of this ratio, whichis the impulse response of the system, is then computed.

In the initial setup, the Sample-and-Hold and Scope 3 are not connected. There is no sampling in this system, just two cascaded low-pass filters.Run the simulation and observe the signals on the Scopes . Wait for the simulation to end.

Submit the figure containing plots of the magnitude response, the phase response, and the impulse response of this system.Use the tall mode to obtain a larger printout by typing orient('tall') directly before you print.

Double-click the Sample-and-Hold and set its Sample time to 1. Now, insert the Sample-and-Hold in between the two filters and connect Scope 3 to its output. Run the simulation and observethe signals on the Scopes .

Submit the figure containing plots of the magnitude response, the phase response, and the impulse response of this system.Explain the reason for the difference in the shape of this magnitude response versus the previous magnitude response.Give an analytical expression for the behavior of the magnitude plot for frequencies below $0.45$ Hz.

## Discrete-time interpolation

In the previous experiments, we saw that the frequency content of a signal must be limited to half the sampling rate in orderto avoid aliasing effects in the reconstructed signal. However, reconstruction can be difficultif the sampling rate is chosen to be just above the Nyquist frequency. Reconstruction is much easier for a higher samplingrate because the sampled signal will better “track” the original analog signal.

From another perspective, the analog output filter must have a very sharp cutoff in order to accurately reconstructa signal that was sampled just above the Nyquist rate. Such filters are difficult and expensive to manufacture.Alternatively, a higher sampling rate allows the use analog output filters that have a slow roll-off.These filters are much less expensive. However, a high sampling rate is not practical in most applications, asit results in unnecessary samples and excessive storage requirements.

A practical solution to this dilemma is to interpolate the digital signal to create new (artificial) samples between the existing samples.This may be done by first upsampling the digital representation, and then filtering out unwanted components using a discrete-time filter.This discrete-time filter serves the same purpose as an analog filter with a sharp cutoff, but it is generally simplerand more cost effective to implement.

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s.
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Yeah, it is a pain to say the least. You basically have to heat the substarte up to around 1000 degrees celcius then pass phosphene gas over top of it, which is explosive and toxic by the way, under very low pressure.
Harper
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SUYASH
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Ebrahim
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Ebrahim
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s.
Graphene has a hexagonal structure
tahir
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Cied
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what's the easiest and fastest way to the synthesize AgNP?
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Cied
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I start with an easy one. carbon nanotubes woven into a long filament like a string
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Porter
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Yasmin
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Cesar
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Uday
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Yes, Nanotechnology has a very fast field of applications and their is always something new to do with it...
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Stotaw
In this morden time nanotechnology used in many field . 1-Electronics-manufacturad IC ,RAM,MRAM,solar panel etc 2-Helth and Medical-Nanomedicine,Drug Dilivery for cancer treatment etc 3- Atomobile -MEMS, Coating on car etc. and may other field for details you can check at Google
Azam
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Prasenjit
after 100 year this will be not nanotechnology maybe this technology name will be change . maybe aftet 100 year . we work on electron lable practically about its properties and behaviour by the different instruments
Azam
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Prasenjit
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Damian
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Azam
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Uday
I'm interested in Nanotube
Uday
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Prasenjit
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At high concentrations (>0.01 M), the relation between absorptivity coefficient and absorbance is no longer linear. This is due to the electrostatic interactions between the quantum dots in close proximity. If the concentration of the solution is high, another effect that is seen is the scattering of light from the large number of quantum dots. This assumption only works at low concentrations of the analyte. Presence of stray light.
how did you get the value of 2000N.What calculations are needed to arrive at it
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