0.7 Solid state and superconductors  (Page 4/9)

b. If the radius of each atom in this cell is r, what is the equation that describes the volume of the cube generated in terms of r? (Note that the face of the cube is defined by the position of the rods and does not include the whole sphere.)

c. Draw the z-diagram for the unit cell layers.

d. To how many different cells does a corner atom belong? What is the fractional contribution of a single corner atom to a particular unit cell?

e. How many corner spheres does a single unit cell possess?

f. What is the net number of atoms in a unit cell? (Number of atoms multiplied by the fraction they contribute)

g. Pick an interior sphere in the extended array. What is the coordination number (CN) of that atom? In other words, how many spheres are touching it? .

h. What is the formula for the volume of a sphere with radius r?

i. Calculate the packing efficiency of a simple cubic unit cell (the % volume or space occupied by atomic material in the unit cell). Hint: Consider the net number of atoms per simple cubic unit cell (question g) the volume of one sphere (question i), and the volume of the cube (question b).

B. body-centered cubic (bcc) structure

a. Draw the z diagrams for the layers.

 b. Fill out the table below for a BCC unit cell

c. What is the total number of atoms in the unit cell?

d. Look at the stacking of the layers. How are they arranged if we call the layers a, b, c, etc.?

e. If the radius of each atom in this cell is r, what is the formula for the volume of the cube generated in terms of the radius of the atom? (See diagrams below.)

f. Calculate the packing efficiency of the bcc cell: Find the volume occupied by the net number of spheres per unit cell if the radius of each sphere is r; then calculate the volume of the cube using r of the sphere and the Pythagoras theorem ( $a^2+b^2=c^2$ ) to find the diagonal of the cube.

C. the face centered cubic (fcc) unit cell

A. fill out the following table for a fcc unit cell.

b. What is the total number of atoms in the unit cell?

c. Using a similar procedure to that applied in Part B above; calculate the packing efficiency of the face-centered cubic unit cell.

• Close-Packing

a. Compare the hexagonal and cubic close-packed structures.

b. Locate the interior sphere in the layer of seven next to the new top layer. For this interior sphere, determine the following:

c. Sphere packing that has this number (write below) of adjacent and touching nearest neighbors is referred to as close-packed. Non-close-packed structures will have lower coordination numbers.

d. Are the two unit cells the identical? 

e. If they are the same, how are they related? If they are different, what makes them different? 

f. Is the face-centered cubic unit cell aba or abc layering? Draw a z-diagram.

 III.Interstitial sites and coordination number (CN)

a. If the spheres are assumed to be ions, which of the spheres is most likely to be the anion and which the cation, the colorless spheres or the colored spheres? Why?

b. Consider interstitial sites created by spheres of the same size. Rank the interstitial sites, as identified by their coordination numbers, in order of increasing size (for example, which is biggest, the site with coordination number 4, 6 or 8?).

 c. Using basic principles of geometry and assuming that the colorless spheres are the same anion with radius r A in all three cases, calculate in terms of rA the maximum radius, rC, of the cation that will fit inside a hole of CN 4, CN 6 and CN 8. Do this by calculating the ratio of the radius of to cation to the radius of the anion: $r_C/r_A$ .

d. What terms are used to describe the shapes (coordination) of the interstitial sites of CN 4, CN 6 and CN 8?

CN 4: ________________

CN 6: _______________

CN 8: ________________

Iv.ionic solids

A. Cesium Chloride

1. Fill the table below for Cesium Chloride

2. Using the simplest unit cell described by the colorless spheres, how many net colorless and net green spheres are contained within that unit cell?

3. Do the same for a unit cell bounded by green spheres as you did for the colorless spheres in question 4.

4. What is the ion-to-ion ratio of cesium to chloride in the simplest unit cell which contains both? (Does it make sense? Do the charges agree?)

B. Calcium Fluoride

 1. Draw the z diagrams for the layers (include both colorless and green spheres).

2. Fill the table below for Calcium Fluoride

3. What is the formula for fluorite (calcium fluoride)?

C. Lithium Nitride

1. Draw the z diagrams for the atom layers which you have constructed.

2. What is the stoichiometric ratio of green to blue spheres?

3. Now consider that one sphere represents lithium and the other nitrogen. What is the formula?

4. How does this formula correspond to what might be predicted by the Periodic Table?

D. Zinc Blende and Wurtzite

Fill in the table below: