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Natuurwetenskappe

Graad 9

Energie, kragte en masjiene

Module 19

Kragte en wrywing

Aktiwiteit 1:

Om die terme krag en wrywing te kan beskryf en toepas

[lu 1.2; lu 1.3; lu 2.3; lu 2.4]

Die volgende skets toon ’n baksteen wat op die tafel voor jou lê. Gesels met ’n maat en besluit op maniere hoe die baksteen in beweging gebring kan word. In wetenskap dui ons kragte en die rigting waarin hulle werk met ’n pyl aan.

Dui die moontlike bewegingsrigtings met pyle aan.

  • Wat sou jy dus sê is ’n krag?
  • Jy kon óf ’n trekkrag óf ’n stootkrag toegepas het. As jy ophou om die baksteen te stoot, kom dit tot stilstand. Hoekom? Daar moes dus nog ’n krag in werking gewees het wat die beweging wat jy wou laat plaasvind, teëgewerk het. Ons noem hierdie krag WRYWING .

Skryf voorbeelde van wrywing uit jou alledaagse lewe neer.

Assessering

Kon jy die term krag beskryf, die kragrigtings in die skets aandui en voorbeelde van wrywing gee?

[LU 2.4]

Ondersoek: kragte en wrywing

Gebruik ’n stophorlosie, ’n trekskaal, ’n baksteen, ’n stukkie gladde karton of perspeks so groot soos die baksteen, ’n stukkie tou, babapoeier en ’n skaatsplank.

  • Bind die trekskaal met die toutjie aan die baksteen vas.
  • Trek die baksteen met die trekskaal sodat dit stadig beweeg. Kyk op die trekskaal waar die naald staan wanneer die baksteen begin beweeg.
  • Trek die baksteen met die toutjie oor ’n afstand van 5 m – laat iemand die tyd neem en tabuleer die lesings.
  • Herhaal, maar maak die baksteen op die karton/perspeks vas, neem die tyd en tabuleer. Probeer om soveel krag aan te wend dat die naald dieselfde lesing gee as die vorige keer.
  • Herhaal weer, maar plaas die baksteen op die skaatsplank.
  • Herhaal alles drie keer.
Metode
Tyd
1 2 3 Gem.
Baksteen Baksteen + karton/perspeks Baksteen + skaatsplank

1. Waarom moes jy alles drie keer herhaal?

2. Waarom was daar ’n verskil in bewegingstyd met die baksteen alleen, die karton/perspeks en die skaatsplank?

3. Op watter ander maniere kan wrywing verminder word?

4. Dink net aan ’n motorvoertuig en noem vyf voorbeelde van dele waar dit noodsaaklik is om smeermiddels of ander maniere van wrywingvermindering te gebruik. Verduidelik elkeen.

[LU 1.2; LU 1.3; LU 2.3]

Onthou die volgende:

  • Kragte kan:
  • ’n voorwerp se vorm verander;
  • ’n voorwerp se snelheid vertraag of versnel;
  • die rigting van beweging verander; en
  • ’n voorwerp om ’n vaste punt laat roteer.
  • Daar is aantrekkingskragte en afstotingskragte en albei werk direk of oor afstande.
  • Die meeste kragte tree egter eers in werking wanneer voorwerpe aan mekaar raak.

Vrae:

1. Skryf ’n voorbeeld van elkeen van die uitwerkings neer:

  • vormverandering
  • snelheidverandering
  • kragte wat werk sonder aanraking
  • afstotingskragte

2. Identifiseer die volgende uitwerkings van kragte:

Aktiwiteit 2:

Om navorsing te doen oor ’n wetenskaplike wat ’n groot bydrae tot die wetenskap gemaak het: Isaac Newton

[lu 1.1; lu 1.3; lu 3.1]

Skryf 'n verslag van drie foliobladsye oor die persoon, Isaac Newton, en die bydrae wat hy tot die weten­skap gemaak het. Verwys ook na die gesegde “die appel val nie ver van die boom nie”. Voeg die ver­slag as bykomende bladsy wat op hierdie bladsy volg, in.

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Source:  OpenStax, Natuurwetenskappe graad 9. OpenStax CNX. Sep 15, 2009 Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11068/1.1
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