# 7.2 Sum and difference identities  (Page 6/6)

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## Verbal

Explain the basis for the cofunction identities and when they apply.

The cofunction identities apply to complementary angles. Viewing the two acute angles of a right triangle, if one of those angles measures $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}x,$ the second angle measures $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\frac{\pi }{2}-x.\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ Then $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\mathrm{sin}x=\mathrm{cos}\left(\frac{\pi }{2}-x\right).\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ The same holds for the other cofunction identities. The key is that the angles are complementary.

Is there only one way to evaluate $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\mathrm{cos}\left(\frac{5\pi }{4}\right)?\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ Explain how to set up the solution in two different ways, and then compute to make sure they give the same answer.

Explain to someone who has forgotten the even-odd properties of sinusoidal functions how the addition and subtraction formulas can determine this characteristic for $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}f\left(x\right)=\mathrm{sin}\left(x\right)\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ and $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}g\left(x\right)=\mathrm{cos}\left(x\right).\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ (Hint: $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}0-x=-x$ )

$\mathrm{sin}\left(-x\right)=-\mathrm{sin}x,$ so $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\mathrm{sin}x\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ is odd. $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\mathrm{cos}\left(-x\right)=\mathrm{cos}\left(0-x\right)=\mathrm{cos}x,$ so $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\mathrm{cos}x\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ is even.

## Algebraic

For the following exercises, find the exact value.

$\mathrm{cos}\left(\frac{7\pi }{12}\right)$

$\mathrm{cos}\left(\frac{\pi }{12}\right)$

$\frac{\sqrt{2}+\sqrt{6}}{4}$

$\mathrm{sin}\left(\frac{5\pi }{12}\right)$

$\mathrm{sin}\left(\frac{11\pi }{12}\right)$

$\frac{\sqrt{6}-\sqrt{2}}{4}$

$\mathrm{tan}\left(-\frac{\pi }{12}\right)$

$\mathrm{tan}\left(\frac{19\pi }{12}\right)$

$-2-\sqrt{3}$

For the following exercises, rewrite in terms of $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\mathrm{sin}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}x\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ and $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\mathrm{cos}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}x.$

$\mathrm{sin}\left(x+\frac{11\pi }{6}\right)$

$\mathrm{sin}\left(x-\frac{3\pi }{4}\right)$

$-\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}\mathrm{sin}x-\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}\mathrm{cos}x$

$\mathrm{cos}\left(x-\frac{5\pi }{6}\right)$

$\mathrm{cos}\left(x+\frac{2\pi }{3}\right)$

$-\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{cos}x-\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\mathrm{sin}x$

For the following exercises, simplify the given expression.

$\mathrm{csc}\left(\frac{\pi }{2}-t\right)$

$\mathrm{sec}\left(\frac{\pi }{2}-\theta \right)$

$\mathrm{csc}\theta$

$\mathrm{cot}\left(\frac{\pi }{2}-x\right)$

$\mathrm{tan}\left(\frac{\pi }{2}-x\right)$

$\mathrm{cot}x$

$\mathrm{sin}\left(2x\right)\mathrm{cos}\left(5x\right)-\mathrm{sin}\left(5x\right)\mathrm{cos}\left(2x\right)$

$\frac{\mathrm{tan}\left(\frac{3}{2}x\right)-\mathrm{tan}\left(\frac{7}{5}x\right)}{1+\mathrm{tan}\left(\frac{3}{2}x\right)\mathrm{tan}\left(\frac{7}{5}x\right)}$

$\mathrm{tan}\left(\frac{x}{10}\right)$

For the following exercises, find the requested information.

Given that $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\mathrm{sin}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}a=\frac{2}{3}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ and $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\mathrm{cos}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}b=-\frac{1}{4},$ with $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}a\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ and $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}b\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ both in the interval $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\left[\frac{\pi }{2},\pi \right),$ find $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\mathrm{sin}\left(a+b\right)\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ and $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\mathrm{cos}\left(a-b\right).$

Given that $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\mathrm{sin}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}a=\frac{4}{5},$ and $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\mathrm{cos}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}b=\frac{1}{3},$ with $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}a\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ and $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}b\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ both in the interval $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\left[0,\frac{\pi }{2}\right),$ find $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\mathrm{sin}\left(a-b\right)\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ and $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\mathrm{cos}\left(a+b\right).$

$\mathrm{sin}\left(a-b\right)=\left(\frac{4}{5}\right)\left(\frac{1}{3}\right)-\left(\frac{3}{5}\right)\left(\frac{2\sqrt{2}}{3}\right)=\frac{4-6\sqrt{2}}{15}$
$\mathrm{cos}\left(a+b\right)=\left(\frac{3}{5}\right)\left(\frac{1}{3}\right)-\left(\frac{4}{5}\right)\left(\frac{2\sqrt{2}}{3}\right)=\frac{3-8\sqrt{2}}{15}$

For the following exercises, find the exact value of each expression.

$\mathrm{sin}\left({\mathrm{cos}}^{-1}\left(0\right)-{\mathrm{cos}}^{-1}\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)\right)$

$\mathrm{cos}\left({\mathrm{cos}}^{-1}\left(\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}\right)+{\mathrm{sin}}^{-1}\left(\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\right)\right)$

$\frac{\sqrt{2}-\sqrt{6}}{4}$

$\mathrm{tan}\left({\mathrm{sin}}^{-1}\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)-{\mathrm{cos}}^{-1}\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)\right)$

## Graphical

For the following exercises, simplify the expression, and then graph both expressions as functions to verify the graphs are identical.

$\mathrm{cos}\left(\frac{\pi }{2}-x\right)$

$\mathrm{sin}x$

$\mathrm{sin}\left(\pi -x\right)$

$\mathrm{tan}\left(\frac{\pi }{3}+x\right)$

$\mathrm{cot}\left(\frac{\pi }{6}-x\right)$

$\mathrm{sin}\left(\frac{\pi }{3}+x\right)$

$\mathrm{tan}\left(\frac{\pi }{4}-x\right)$

$\mathrm{cot}\left(\frac{\pi }{4}+x\right)$

$\mathrm{cos}\left(\frac{7\pi }{6}+x\right)$

$\mathrm{sin}\left(\frac{\pi }{4}+x\right)$

$\frac{\mathrm{sin}x}{\sqrt{2}}+\frac{\mathrm{cos}x}{\sqrt{2}}$

$\mathrm{cos}\left(\frac{5\pi }{4}+x\right)$

For the following exercises, use a graph to determine whether the functions are the same or different. If they are the same, show why. If they are different, replace the second function with one that is identical to the first. (Hint: think $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}2x=x+x.$ )

$f\left(x\right)=\mathrm{sin}\left(4x\right)-\mathrm{sin}\left(3x\right)\mathrm{cos}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}x,g\left(x\right)=\mathrm{sin}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}x\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\mathrm{cos}\left(3x\right)$

They are the same.

$f\left(x\right)=\mathrm{cos}\left(4x\right)+\mathrm{sin}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}x\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\mathrm{sin}\left(3x\right),g\left(x\right)=-\mathrm{cos}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}x\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\mathrm{cos}\left(3x\right)$

$f\left(x\right)=\mathrm{sin}\left(3x\right)\mathrm{cos}\left(6x\right),g\left(x\right)=-\mathrm{sin}\left(3x\right)\mathrm{cos}\left(6x\right)$

They are the different, try $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}g\left(x\right)=\mathrm{sin}\left(9x\right)-\mathrm{cos}\left(3x\right)\mathrm{sin}\left(6x\right).$

$f\left(x\right)=\mathrm{sin}\left(4x\right),g\left(x\right)=\mathrm{sin}\left(5x\right)\mathrm{cos}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}x-\mathrm{cos}\left(5x\right)\mathrm{sin}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}x$

$f\left(x\right)=\mathrm{sin}\left(2x\right),g\left(x\right)=2\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\mathrm{sin}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}x\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\mathrm{cos}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}x$

They are the same.

$f\left(\theta \right)=\mathrm{cos}\left(2\theta \right),g\left(\theta \right)={\mathrm{cos}}^{2}\theta -{\mathrm{sin}}^{2}\theta$

$f\left(\theta \right)=\mathrm{tan}\left(2\theta \right),g\left(\theta \right)=\frac{\mathrm{tan}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\theta }{1+{\mathrm{tan}}^{2}\theta }$

They are the different, try $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}g\left(\theta \right)=\frac{2\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\mathrm{tan}\theta }{1-{\mathrm{tan}}^{2}\theta }.$

$f\left(x\right)=\mathrm{sin}\left(3x\right)\mathrm{sin}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}x,g\left(x\right)={\mathrm{sin}}^{2}\left(2x\right){\mathrm{cos}}^{2}x-{\mathrm{cos}}^{2}\left(2x\right){\mathrm{sin}}^{2}x$

$f\left(x\right)=\mathrm{tan}\left(-x\right),g\left(x\right)=\frac{\mathrm{tan}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}x-\mathrm{tan}\left(2x\right)}{1-\mathrm{tan}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}x\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\mathrm{tan}\left(2x\right)}$

They are different, try $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}g\left(x\right)=\frac{\mathrm{tan}x-\mathrm{tan}\left(2x\right)}{1+\mathrm{tan}x\mathrm{tan}\left(2x\right)}.$

## Technology

For the following exercises, find the exact value algebraically, and then confirm the answer with a calculator to the fourth decimal point.

$\mathrm{sin}\left({75}^{\circ }\right)$

$\mathrm{sin}\left({195}^{\circ }\right)$

$\mathrm{cos}\left({165}^{\circ }\right)$

$\mathrm{cos}\left({345}^{\circ }\right)$

$\frac{1+\sqrt{3}}{2\sqrt{2}},$ or 0.9659

$\mathrm{tan}\left(-{15}^{\circ }\right)$

## Extensions

For the following exercises, prove the identities provided.

$\mathrm{tan}\left(x+\frac{\pi }{4}\right)=\frac{\mathrm{tan}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}x+1}{1-\mathrm{tan}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}x}$

$\begin{array}{c}\mathrm{tan}\left(x+\frac{\pi }{4}\right)=\\ \frac{\mathrm{tan}x+\mathrm{tan}\left(\frac{\pi }{4}\right)}{1-\mathrm{tan}x\mathrm{tan}\left(\frac{\pi }{4}\right)}=\\ \frac{\mathrm{tan}x+1}{1-\mathrm{tan}x\left(1\right)}=\frac{\mathrm{tan}x+1}{1-\mathrm{tan}x}\end{array}$

$\frac{\mathrm{tan}\left(a+b\right)}{\mathrm{tan}\left(a-b\right)}=\frac{\mathrm{sin}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}a\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\mathrm{cos}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}a+\mathrm{sin}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}b\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\mathrm{cos}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}b}{\mathrm{sin}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}a\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\mathrm{cos}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}a-\mathrm{sin}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}b\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\mathrm{cos}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}b}$

$\frac{\mathrm{cos}\left(a+b\right)}{\mathrm{cos}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}a\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\mathrm{cos}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}b}=1-\mathrm{tan}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}a\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\mathrm{tan}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}b$

$\begin{array}{c}\frac{\mathrm{cos}\left(a+b\right)}{\mathrm{cos}a\mathrm{cos}b}=\\ \frac{\mathrm{cos}a\mathrm{cos}b}{\mathrm{cos}a\mathrm{cos}b}-\frac{\mathrm{sin}a\mathrm{sin}b}{\mathrm{cos}a\mathrm{cos}b}=1-\mathrm{tan}a\mathrm{tan}b\end{array}$

$\mathrm{cos}\left(x+y\right)\mathrm{cos}\left(x-y\right)={\mathrm{cos}}^{2}x-{\mathrm{sin}}^{2}y$

$\frac{\mathrm{cos}\left(x+h\right)-\mathrm{cos}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}x}{h}=\mathrm{cos}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}x\frac{\mathrm{cos}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}h-1}{h}-\mathrm{sin}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}x\frac{\mathrm{sin}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}h}{h}$

$\begin{array}{c}\frac{\mathrm{cos}\left(x+h\right)-\mathrm{cos}x}{h}=\\ \frac{\mathrm{cos}x\mathrm{cosh}-\mathrm{sin}x\mathrm{sinh}-\mathrm{cos}x}{h}=\\ \frac{\mathrm{cos}x\left(\mathrm{cosh}-1\right)-\mathrm{sin}x\mathrm{sinh}}{h}=\mathrm{cos}x\frac{\mathrm{cos}h-1}{h}-\mathrm{sin}x\frac{\mathrm{sin}h}{h}\end{array}$

For the following exercises, prove or disprove the statements.

$\mathrm{tan}\left(u+v\right)=\frac{\mathrm{tan}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}u+\mathrm{tan}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}v}{1-\mathrm{tan}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}u\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\mathrm{tan}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}v}$

$\mathrm{tan}\left(u-v\right)=\frac{\mathrm{tan}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}u-\mathrm{tan}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}v}{1+\mathrm{tan}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}u\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\mathrm{tan}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}v}$

True

$\frac{\mathrm{tan}\left(x+y\right)}{1+\mathrm{tan}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}x\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\mathrm{tan}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}x}=\frac{\mathrm{tan}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}x+\mathrm{tan}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}y}{1-{\mathrm{tan}}^{2}x\text{\hspace{0.17em}}{\mathrm{tan}}^{2}y}$

If $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\alpha ,\beta ,$ and $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\gamma \text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ are angles in the same triangle, then prove or disprove $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\mathrm{sin}\left(\alpha +\beta \right)=\mathrm{sin}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\gamma .$

True. Note that $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\mathrm{sin}\left(\alpha +\beta \right)=\mathrm{sin}\left(\pi -\gamma \right)\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ and expand the right hand side.

If $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\alpha ,\beta ,$ and $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}y\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ are angles in the same triangle, then prove or disprove $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\mathrm{tan}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\alpha +\mathrm{tan}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\beta +\mathrm{tan}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\gamma =\mathrm{tan}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\alpha \text{\hspace{0.17em}}\mathrm{tan}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\beta \text{\hspace{0.17em}}\mathrm{tan}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\gamma$

For each year t, the population of a forest of trees is represented by the function A(t) = 117(1.029)t. In a neighboring forest, the population of the same type of tree is represented by the function B(t) = 86(1.025)t.
by how many trees did forest "A" have a greater number?
Shakeena
32.243
Kenard
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Good call Scott. Also radar signals I believe.
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