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Find the exact value of the trigonometric functions of π 4 , using side lengths.

sin ( θ 4 ) = 2 2 , cos ( π 4 ) = 2 2 , tan ( π 4 ) = 1 , sec ( π 4 ) = 2 , csc ( π 4 ) = 2 , cot ( π 4 ) = 1

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Using equal cofunction of complements

If we look more closely at the relationship between the sine and cosine of the special angles, we notice a pattern. In a right triangle with angles of π 6 and π 3 , we see that the sine of π 3 , namely 3 2 , is also the cosine of π 6 , while the sine of π 6 , namely 1 2 , is also the cosine of π 3 .

sin π 3 = cos π 6 = 3 s 2 s = 3 2 sin π 6 = cos π 3 = s 2 s = 1 2

See [link] .

A graph of circle with angle pi/3 inscribed with a radius of 2s, a base with length s and a height of.
The sine of π 3 equals the cosine of π 6 and vice versa.

This result should not be surprising because, as we see from [link] , the side opposite the angle of π 3 is also the side adjacent to π 6 , so sin ( π 3 ) and cos ( π 6 ) are exactly the same ratio of the same two sides, 3 s and 2 s . Similarly, cos ( π 3 ) and sin ( π 6 ) are also the same ratio using the same two sides, s and 2 s .

The interrelationship between the sines and cosines of π 6 and π 3 also holds for the two acute angles in any right triangle, since in every case, the ratio of the same two sides would constitute the sine of one angle and the cosine of the other. Since the three angles of a triangle add to π , and the right angle is π 2 , the remaining two angles must also add up to π 2 . That means that a right triangle can be formed with any two angles that add to π 2 —in other words, any two complementary angles. So we may state a cofunction identity : If any two angles are complementary, the sine of one is the cosine of the other, and vice versa. This identity is illustrated in [link] .

Right triangle with angles alpha and beta. Equivalence between sin alpha and cos beta. Equivalence between sin beta and cos alpha.
Cofunction identity of sine and cosine of complementary angles

Using this identity, we can state without calculating, for instance, that the sine of π 12 equals the cosine of 5 π 12 , and that the sine of 5 π 12 equals the cosine of π 12 . We can also state that if, for a given angle t , cos   t = 5 13 , then sin ( π 2 t ) = 5 13 as well.

Cofunction identities

The cofunction identities in radians are listed in [link] .

cos t = sin ( π 2 t ) sin t = cos ( π 2 t )
tan t = cot ( π 2 t ) cot t = tan ( π 2 t )
sec t = csc ( π 2 t ) csc t = sec ( π 2 t )

Given the sine and cosine of an angle, find the sine or cosine of its complement.

  1. To find the sine of the complementary angle, find the cosine of the original angle.
  2. To find the cosine of the complementary angle, find the sine of the original angle.

Using cofunction identities

If sin t = 5 12 , find cos ( π 2 t ) .

According to the cofunction identities for sine and cosine, we have the following.

sin t = cos ( π 2 t )

So

cos ( π 2 t ) = 5 12
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If csc ( π 6 ) = 2 , find sec ( π 3 ) .

2

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Using trigonometric functions

In previous examples, we evaluated the sine and cosine in triangles where we knew all three sides. But the real power of right-triangle trigonometry emerges when we look at triangles in which we know an angle but do not know all the sides.

Given a right triangle, the length of one side, and the measure of one acute angle, find the remaining sides.

  1. For each side, select the trigonometric function that has the unknown side as either the numerator or the denominator. The known side will in turn be the denominator or the numerator.
  2. Write an equation setting the function value of the known angle equal to the ratio of the corresponding sides.
  3. Using the value of the trigonometric function and the known side length, solve for the missing side length.

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Source:  OpenStax, Algebra and trigonometry. OpenStax CNX. Nov 14, 2016 Download for free at https://legacy.cnx.org/content/col11758/1.6
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