# 11.6 Test of a single variance  (Page 23/22)

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A test of a single variance assumes that the underlying distribution is normal . The null and alternative hypotheses are stated in terms of the population variance (or population standard deviation). The test statistic is:

$\frac{\left(n-1\right){s}^{2}}{{\sigma }^{2}}$

where:

• n = the total number of data
• s 2 = sample variance
• σ 2 = population variance

You may think of s as the random variable in this test. The number of degrees of freedom is df = n - 1. A test of a single variance may be right-tailed, left-tailed, or two-tailed. [link] will show you how to set up the null and alternative hypotheses. The null and alternative hypotheses contain statements about the population variance.

Math instructors are not only interested in how their students do on exams, on average, but how the exam scores vary. To many instructors, the variance (or standard deviation) may be more important than the average.

Suppose a math instructor believes that the standard deviation for his final exam is five points. One of his best students thinks otherwise. The student claims that the standard deviation is more than five points. If the student were to conduct a hypothesis test, what would the null and alternative hypotheses be?

Even though we are given the population standard deviation, we can set up the test using the population variance as follows.

• H 0 : σ 2 = 5 2
• H a : σ 2 >5 2

## Try it

A SCUBA instructor wants to record the collective depths each of his students dives during their checkout. He is interested in how the depths vary, even though everyone should have been at the same depth. He believes the standard deviation is three feet. His assistant thinks the standard deviation is less than three feet. If the instructor were to conduct a test, what would the null and alternative hypotheses be?

H 0 : σ 2 = 3 2

H a : σ 2 <3 2

With individual lines at its various windows, a post office finds that the standard deviation for normally distributed waiting times for customers on Friday afternoon is 7.2 minutes. The post office experiments with a single, main waiting line and finds that for a random sample of 25 customers, the waiting times for customers have a standard deviation of 3.5 minutes.

With a significance level of 5%, test the claim that a single line causes lower variation among waiting times (shorter waiting times) for customers .

Since the claim is that a single line causes less variation, this is a test of a single variance. The parameter is the population variance, σ 2 , or the population standard deviation, σ .

Random Variable: The sample standard deviation, s , is the random variable. Let s = standard deviation for the waiting times.

• H 0 : σ 2 = 7.2 2
• H a : σ 2 <7.2 2

The word "less" tells you this is a left-tailed test.

Distribution for the test: ${\chi }_{24}^{2}$ , where:

• n = the number of customers sampled
• df = n – 1 = 25 – 1 = 24

Calculate the test statistic:

where n = 25, s = 3.5, and σ = 7.2.

Graph:

Probability statement: p -value = P ( χ 2 <5.67) = 0.000042

Compare α and the p -value:

• α = 0.05
• p -value = 0.000042
• α > p -value

Make a decision: Since α > p -value, reject H 0 . This means that you reject σ 2 = 7.2 2 . In other words, you do not think the variation in waiting times is 7.2 minutes; you think the variation in waiting times is less.

Conclusion: At a 5% level of significance, from the data, there is sufficient evidence to conclude that a single line causes a lower variation among the waiting times or with a single line, the customer waiting times vary less than 7.2 minutes.

In 2nd DISTR , use 7:χ2cdf . The syntax is (lower, upper, df) for the parameter list. For [link] , χ2cdf(-1E99,5.67,24) . The p -value = 0.000042.

## Try it

The FCC conducts broadband speed tests to measure how much data per second passes between a consumer’s computer and the internet. As of August of 2012, the standard deviation of Internet speeds across Internet Service Providers (ISPs) was 12.2 percent. Suppose a sample of 15 ISPs is taken, and the standard deviation is 13.2. An analyst claims that the standard deviation of speeds is more than what was reported. State the null and alternative hypotheses, compute the degrees of freedom, the test statistic, sketch the graph of the p -value, and draw a conclusion. Test at the 1% significance level.

H 0 : σ 2 = 12.2 2

H a : σ 2 >12.2 2
df = 14
chi 2 test statistic = 16.39

The p -value is 0.2902, so we decline to reject the null hypothesis. There is not enough evidence to suggest that the variance is greater than 12.2 2 .

In 2nd DISTR , use7: χ2cdf . The syntax is (lower, upper, df) for the parameter list. χ2cdf(16.39,10^99,14) . The p -value = 0.2902.

## References

“AppleInsider Price Guides.” Apple Insider, 2013. Available online at http://appleinsider.com/mac_price_guide (accessed May 14, 2013).

Data from the World Bank, June 5, 2012.

## Chapter review

To test variability, use the chi-square test of a single variance. The test may be left-, right-, or two-tailed, and its hypotheses are always expressed in terms of the variance (or standard deviation).

## Formula review

${\chi }^{2}=$ $\frac{\left(n-1\right)\cdot {s}^{2}}{{\sigma }^{2}}$ Test of a single variance statistic where:
n : sample size
s : sample standard deviation
σ : population standard deviation

df = n – 1 Degrees of freedom

## Test of a single variance

• Use the test to determine variation.
• The degrees of freedom is the number of samples – 1.
• The test statistic is $\frac{\left(n–1\right)\cdot {s}^{2}}{{\sigma }^{2}}$ , where n = the total number of data, s 2 = sample variance, and σ 2 = population variance.
• The test may be left-, right-, or two-tailed.

Use the following information to answer the next three exercises: An archer’s standard deviation for his hits is six (data is measured in distance from the center of the target). An observer claims the standard deviation is less.

What type of test should be used?

a test of a single variance

State the null and alternative hypotheses.

Is this a right-tailed, left-tailed, or two-tailed test?

a left-tailed test

Use the following information to answer the next three exercises: The standard deviation of heights for students in a school is 0.81. A random sample of 50 students is taken, and the standard deviation of heights of the sample is 0.96. A researcher in charge of the study believes the standard deviation of heights for the school is greater than 0.81.

What type of test should be used?

State the null and alternative hypotheses.

H 0 : σ 2 = 0.81 2 ;

H a : σ 2 >0.81 2

df = ________

Use the following information to answer the next four exercises: The average waiting time in a doctor’s office varies. The standard deviation of waiting times in a doctor’s office is 3.4 minutes. A random sample of 30 patients in the doctor’s office has a standard deviation of waiting times of 4.1 minutes. One doctor believes the variance of waiting times is greater than originally thought.

What type of test should be used?

a test of a single variance

What is the test statistic?

What is the p -value?

0.0542

What can you conclude at the 5% significance level?

how to use grouped and ungrouped data
Just a test from gplay
how come 5.67
by dividing 11.37 on 2
saifuddin
by dividing 11.34 on 2
saifuddin
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vinayak
What is the differences between quota an lottery system of sampling
EGBE
What are the are the characteristics that are critically expedients in selecting the sample size
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fit a binomial distribution for the following data and test the goodness of fit x: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 f: 5 18 28 12 7 6 4
solution
Mano
Mano
Simonsakala
It is a square chi
Nelson
But can't be a binomial because, the x numbers are 0 to 6, instead those would be "0" or "1" in a straight way
Nelson
You can do a chi-square test, but the assumption has to be a normal distribution, and the last f's number need to be "64"
Nelson
sorry the last f's numbers : "6 and 4" which are the observed values for 5 and 6 (expected values)
Nelson
hi
rajendra
can't understand basic of statistics ..
rajendra
Sorry I see my mistake, we have to calculate the expected values
Nelson
So we need this equation: P= (X=x)=(n to x) p^x(1-p)^n-x
Nelson
why it is not possible brother
ibrar
were n= 2 ( binomial) x= number of makes (0 to 6) and p= probability, could be 0.8.
Nelson
so after we calculate the expected values for each observed value (f) we do the chi-square. x^2=summatory(observed-expected)^2 / expected and compare with x^2 in table with 0.8
Nelson
tomorrow I'll post the answer, I'm so tired today, sorry for my mistake in the first messages.
Nelson
It is possible, sorry for my mistake
Nelson
two trader shared investment and buoght Cattle.Mr.Omer bought 255 cows & rented the farm for a period of 32 days. Mr. Ahmed grazed his Cattle for 25 days. Mr. Ahmed's cattle was 180 cows.Together they profited $7800. the rent of the farm is$ 3000 so divide the profit per gows/day for grazing day
Mohamed
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It is my first time reading this book
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ihsan
from were did you get 2/50?m
People living longer
Why do you think that is?
Jazzy
because there is an increase in number of people with age more than 30.
Ok. And what do you think is the driving factor behind that hypothesis?
Jazzy
fewer birth and increase in # of years living or fewer dying
What about the improvement of technology and medicine?
Jazzy
godwin
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Ayunku
If those conscience of their health, one will live longer periods of life.
Montrae
hi,why the mean =sum(xi)/n but the variance =sum(xi-xbar)/ n-1 what is the difference between (n or n-1)
This is hard to type, so I'll use "m" for "x bar", and a few other notations that I hope will be clear: Definition: sqrt(SUM[(x - m)^2] / (n-1)) where m = SUM[x] / n Desired formula: sqrt((SUM[x^2] - SUM[x]^2)/n / (n-1)) Now let's do what you started to do, and see if we can manipulate the definitio
Michael
what is the difference between (n ) and (n-1) in the mean and variance
Soran
Definition: sqrt(SUM[(x - m)^2] / (n-1)) where m = SUM[x] / n what is the difference between (n and n-1)
Soran
Hi, the diference is tha when we estimate parameters in a sample (not in the total population) we need to consider the degrees of liberty for the estimation.
Nelson
Hie guys, am analysing rainfall data for different stations and i got kurtosis values of 0.7 for one station and 0.4 for another, what can i say about this?
Kudakwashe
hi
ujjal
difference in degrees of freedom
vinayak
who introduced the statistics in england
what year is data first used
Sunday
Gottfried achievell is a professor at
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Soran
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mskinne4
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Raja
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KickingtheDonksNuts
Hi
Sunday
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Inoxent
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Abimbola
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Abimbola
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Abimbola
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Abimbola
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Abimbola
hello
Gh
Write a short note on skewness
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What is events
IT occurs in probability
Peter
yes
Preeti
any experiment done
Preeti
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Sunday
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Preeti
Who eats lots of food 😂
abhinav
A man with great physical strength
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ibrar
One who withstand everything that was meant to break him.
Jazzy
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saifuddin
still contemplating about analyzing statistical methods
solomon
Can you sir plz provide all the multiple choice questions related to Index numbers.?
about probabilty i have some questions and i want the solution