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For the equation A cos ( B x + C ) + D , what constants affect the range of the function and how do they affect the range?

The absolute value of the constant A (amplitude) increases the total range and the constant D (vertical shift) shifts the graph vertically.

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How does the range of a translated sine function relate to the equation y = A sin ( B x + C ) + D ?

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How can the unit circle be used to construct the graph of f ( t ) = sin t ?

At the point where the terminal side of t intersects the unit circle, you can determine that the sin t equals the y -coordinate of the point.

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Graphical

For the following exercises, graph two full periods of each function and state the amplitude, period, and midline. State the maximum and minimum y -values and their corresponding x -values on one period for x > 0. Round answers to two decimal places if necessary.

f ( x ) = 2 3 cos x

A graph of (2/3)cos(x). Graph has amplitude of 2/3, period of 2pi, and range of [-2/3, 2/3].

amplitude: 2 3 ; period: 2 π ; midline: y = 0 ; maximum: y = 2 3 occurs at x = 0 ; minimum: y = 2 3 occurs at x = π ; for one period, the graph starts at 0 and ends at 2 π

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f ( x ) = 3 sin x

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f ( x ) = 4 sin x

A graph of 4sin(x). Graph has amplitude of 4, period of 2pi, and range of [-4, 4].

amplitude: 4; period: 2 π ; midline: y = 0 ; maximum y = 4 occurs at x = π 2 ; minimum: y = 4 occurs at x = 3 π 2 ; one full period occurs from x = 0 to x = 2 π

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f ( x ) = cos ( 2 x )

A graph of cos(2x). Graph has amplitude of 1, period of pi, and range of [-1,1].

amplitude: 1; period: π ; midline: y = 0 ; maximum: y = 1 occurs at x = π ; minimum: y = 1 occurs at x = π 2 ; one full period is graphed from x = 0 to x = π

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f ( x ) = 2 sin ( 1 2 x )

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f ( x ) = 4 cos ( π x )

A graph of 4cos(pi*x). Grpah has amplitude of 4, period of 2, and range of [-4, 4].

amplitude: 4; period: 2; midline: y = 0 ; maximum: y = 4 occurs at x = 0 ; minimum: y = 4 occurs at x = 1

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f ( x ) = 3 cos ( 6 5 x )

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y = 3 sin ( 8 ( x + 4 ) ) + 5

A graph of 3sin(8(x+4))+5. Graph has amplitude of 3, range of [2, 8], and period of pi/4.

amplitude: 3; period: π 4 ; midline: y = 5 ; maximum: y = 8 occurs at x = 0.12 ; minimum: y = 2 occurs at x = 0.516 ; horizontal shift: 4 ; vertical translation 5; one period occurs from x = 0 to x = π 4

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y = 2 sin ( 3 x 21 ) + 4

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y = 5 sin ( 5 x + 20 ) 2

A graph of 5sin(5x+20)-2. Graph has an amplitude of 5, period of 2pi/5, and range of [-7,3].

amplitude: 5; period: 2 π 5 ; midline: y = −2 ; maximum: y = 3 occurs at x = 0.08 ; minimum: y = −7 occurs at x = 0.71; phase shift: −4 ; vertical translation: −2; one full period can be graphed on x = 0 to x = 2 π 5

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For the following exercises, graph one full period of each function, starting at x = 0. For each function, state the amplitude, period, and midline. State the maximum and minimum y -values and their corresponding x -values on one period for x > 0. State the phase shift and vertical translation, if applicable. Round answers to two decimal places if necessary.

f ( t ) = 2 sin ( t 5 π 6 )

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f ( t ) = cos ( t + π 3 ) + 1

A graph of -cos(t+pi/3)+1. Graph has amplitude of 1, period of 2pi, and range of [0,2]. Phase shifted pi/3 to the left.

amplitude: 1 ; period: 2 π ; midline: y = 1 ; maximum: y = 2 occurs at x = 2.09 ; maximum: y = 2 occurs at t = 2.09 ; minimum: y = 0 occurs at t = 5.24 ; phase shift: π 3 ; vertical translation: 1; one full period is from t = 0 to t = 2 π

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f ( t ) = 4 cos ( 2 ( t + π 4 ) ) 3

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f ( t ) = sin ( 1 2 t + 5 π 3 )

A graph of -sin((1/2)*t + 5pi/3). Graph has amplitude of 1, range of [-1,1], period of 4pi, and a phase shift of -10pi/3.

amplitude: 1; period: 4 π ; midline: y = 0 ; maximum: y = 1 occurs at t = 11.52 ; minimum: y = 1 occurs at t = 5.24 ; phase shift: 10 π 3 ; vertical shift: 0

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f ( x ) = 4 sin ( π 2 ( x 3 ) ) + 7

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Determine the amplitude, midline, period, and an equation involving the sine function for the graph shown in [link] .

A sinusoidal graph with amplitude of 2, range of [-5, -1], period of 4, and midline at y=-3.

amplitude: 2; midline: y = 3 ; period: 4; equation: f ( x ) = 2 sin ( π 2 x ) 3

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Determine the amplitude, period, midline, and an equation involving cosine for the graph shown in [link] .

A graph with a cosine parent function, with amplitude of 3, period of pi, midline at y=-1, and range of [-4,2]
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Determine the amplitude, period, midline, and an equation involving cosine for the graph shown in [link] .

A graph with a cosine parent function with an amplitude of 2, period of 5, midline at y=3, and a range of [1,5].

amplitude: 2; period: 5; midline: y = 3 ; equation: f ( x ) = 2 cos ( 2 π 5 x ) + 3

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Determine the amplitude, period, midline, and an equation involving sine for the graph shown in [link] .

A sinusoidal graph with amplitude of 4, period of 10, midline at y=0, and range [-4,4].
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Determine the amplitude, period, midline, and an equation involving cosine for the graph shown in [link] .

A graph with cosine parent function, range of function is [-4,4], amplitude of 4, period of 2.

amplitude: 4; period: 2; midline: y = 0 ; equation: f ( x ) = 4 cos ( π ( x π 2 ) )

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Determine the amplitude, period, midline, and an equation involving sine for the graph shown in [link] .

A graph with sine parent function. Amplitude 2, period 2, midline y=0
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Determine the amplitude, period, midline, and an equation involving cosine for the graph shown in [link] .

A graph with cosine parent function. Amplitude 2, period 2, midline y=1

amplitude: 2; period: 2; midline y = 1 ; equation: f ( x ) = 2 cos ( π x ) + 1

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Determine the amplitude, period, midline, and an equation involving sine for the graph shown in [link] .

A graph with a sine parent function. Amplitude 1, period 4 and midline y=0.
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Algebraic

For the following exercises, let f ( x ) = sin x .

On [ 0 , 2 π ), solve f ( x ) = 0.

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On [ 0 , 2 π ), solve f ( x ) = 1 2 .

π 6 , 5 π 6

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Evaluate f ( π 2 ) .

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On [ 0 , 2 π ) , f ( x ) = 2 2 . Find all values of x .

π 4 , 3 π 4

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On [ 0 , 2 π ), the maximum value(s) of the function occur(s) at what x -value(s)?

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On [ 0 , 2 π ), the minimum value(s) of the function occur(s) at what x -value(s)?

3 π 2

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Show that f ( x ) = f ( x ) . This means that f ( x ) = sin x is an odd function and possesses symmetry with respect to ________________.

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For the following exercises, let f ( x ) = cos x .

On [ 0 , 2 π ), solve the equation f ( x ) = cos x = 0.

π 2 , 3 π 2

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On [ 0 , 2 π ), solve f ( x ) = 1 2 .

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On [ 0 , 2 π ), find the x -intercepts of f ( x ) = cos x .

π 2 , 3 π 2

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On [ 0 , 2 π ), find the x -values at which the function has a maximum or minimum value.

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On [ 0 , 2 π ), solve the equation f ( x ) = 3 2 .

π 6 , 11 π 6

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Technology

Graph h ( x ) = x + sin x on [ 0 , 2 π ] . Explain why the graph appears as it does.

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Graph h ( x ) = x + sin x on [ 100 , 100 ] . Did the graph appear as predicted in the previous exercise?

The graph appears linear. The linear functions dominate the shape of the graph for large values of x .

A sinusoidal graph that increases like the function y=x, shown from 0 to 100.
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Graph f ( x ) = x sin x on [ 0 , 2 π ] and verbalize how the graph varies from the graph of f ( x ) = sin x .

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Graph f ( x ) = x sin x on the window [ −10 , 10 ] and explain what the graph shows.

The graph is symmetric with respect to the y -axis and there is no amplitude because the function is not periodic.

A sinusoidal graph that has increasing peaks and decreasing lows as the absolute value of x increases.
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Graph f ( x ) = sin x x on the window [ −5 π , 5 π ] and explain what the graph shows.

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Real-world applications

A Ferris wheel is 25 meters in diameter and boarded from a platform that is 1 meter above the ground. The six o’clock position on the Ferris wheel is level with the loading platform. The wheel completes 1 full revolution in 10 minutes. The function h ( t ) gives a person’s height in meters above the ground t minutes after the wheel begins to turn.

  1. Find the amplitude, midline, and period of h ( t ) .
  2. Find a formula for the height function h ( t ) .
  3. How high off the ground is a person after 5 minutes?
  1. Amplitude: 12.5; period: 10; midline: y = 13.5 ;
  2. h ( t ) = 12.5 sin ( π 5 ( t 2.5 ) ) + 13.5 ;
  3. 26 ft
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Questions & Answers

how did you get 1640
Noor Reply
If auger is pair are the roots of equation x2+5x-3=0
Peter Reply
Wayne and Dennis like to ride the bike path from Riverside Park to the beach. Dennis’s speed is seven miles per hour faster than Wayne’s speed, so it takes Wayne 2 hours to ride to the beach while it takes Dennis 1.5 hours for the ride. Find the speed of both bikers.
MATTHEW Reply
420
Sharon
from theory: distance [miles] = speed [mph] × time [hours] info #1 speed_Dennis × 1.5 = speed_Wayne × 2 => speed_Wayne = 0.75 × speed_Dennis (i) info #2 speed_Dennis = speed_Wayne + 7 [mph] (ii) use (i) in (ii) => [...] speed_Dennis = 28 mph speed_Wayne = 21 mph
George
Let W be Wayne's speed in miles per hour and D be Dennis's speed in miles per hour. We know that W + 7 = D and W * 2 = D * 1.5. Substituting the first equation into the second: W * 2 = (W + 7) * 1.5 W * 2 = W * 1.5 + 7 * 1.5 0.5 * W = 7 * 1.5 W = 7 * 3 or 21 W is 21 D = W + 7 D = 21 + 7 D = 28
Salma
Devon is 32 32​​ years older than his son, Milan. The sum of both their ages is 54 54​. Using the variables d d​ and m m​ to represent the ages of Devon and Milan, respectively, write a system of equations to describe this situation. Enter the equations below, separated by a comma.
Aaron Reply
find product (-6m+6) ( 3m²+4m-3)
SIMRAN Reply
-42m²+60m-18
Salma
what is the solution
bill
how did you arrive at this answer?
bill
-24m+3+3mÁ^2
Susan
i really want to learn
Amira
I only got 42 the rest i don't know how to solve it. Please i need help from anyone to help me improve my solving mathematics please
Amira
Hw did u arrive to this answer.
Aphelele
hi
Bajemah
-6m(3mA²+4m-3)+6(3mA²+4m-3) =-18m²A²-24m²+18m+18mA²+24m-18 Rearrange like items -18m²A²-24m²+42m+18A²-18
Salma
complete the table of valuesfor each given equatio then graph. 1.x+2y=3
Jovelyn Reply
x=3-2y
Salma
y=x+3/2
Salma
Hi
Enock
given that (7x-5):(2+4x)=8:7find the value of x
Nandala
3x-12y=18
Kelvin
please why isn't that the 0is in ten thousand place
Grace Reply
please why is it that the 0is in the place of ten thousand
Grace
Send the example to me here and let me see
Stephen
A meditation garden is in the shape of a right triangle, with one leg 7 feet. The length of the hypotenuse is one more than the length of one of the other legs. Find the lengths of the hypotenuse and the other leg
Marry Reply
how far
Abubakar
cool u
Enock
state in which quadrant or on which axis each of the following angles given measure. in standard position would lie 89°
Abegail Reply
hello
BenJay
hi
Method
I am eliacin, I need your help in maths
Rood
how can I help
Sir
hmm can we speak here?
Amoon
however, may I ask you some questions about Algarba?
Amoon
hi
Enock
what the last part of the problem mean?
Roger
The Jones family took a 15 mile canoe ride down the Indian River in three hours. After lunch, the return trip back up the river took five hours. Find the rate, in mph, of the canoe in still water and the rate of the current.
cameron Reply
Shakir works at a computer store. His weekly pay will be either a fixed amount, $925, or $500 plus 12% of his total sales. How much should his total sales be for his variable pay option to exceed the fixed amount of $925.
mahnoor Reply
I'm guessing, but it's somewhere around $4335.00 I think
Lewis
12% of sales will need to exceed 925 - 500, or 425 to exceed fixed amount option. What amount of sales does that equal? 425 ÷ (12÷100) = 3541.67. So the answer is sales greater than 3541.67. Check: Sales = 3542 Commission 12%=425.04 Pay = 500 + 425.04 = 925.04. 925.04 > 925.00
Munster
difference between rational and irrational numbers
Arundhati Reply
When traveling to Great Britain, Bethany exchanged $602 US dollars into £515 British pounds. How many pounds did she receive for each US dollar?
Jakoiya Reply
how to reduced echelon form
Solomon Reply
Jazmine trained for 3 hours on Saturday. She ran 8 miles and then biked 24 miles. Her biking speed is 4 mph faster than her running speed. What is her running speed?
Zack Reply
d=r×t the equation would be 8/r+24/r+4=3 worked out
Sheirtina
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Source:  OpenStax, Precalculus. OpenStax CNX. Jan 19, 2016 Download for free at https://legacy.cnx.org/content/col11667/1.6
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