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How can the graph of y = cos x be used to construct the graph of y = sec x ?

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Explain why the period of tan x is equal to π .

Answers will vary. Using the unit circle, one can show that tan ( x + π ) = tan x .

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Why are there no intercepts on the graph of y = csc x ?

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How does the period of y = csc x compare with the period of y = sin x ?

The period is the same: 2 π .

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Algebraic

For the following exercises, match each trigonometric function with one of the following graphs.

Trigonometric graph of tangent of x. Trigonometric graph of secant of x. Trigonometric graph of cosecant of x. Trigonometric graph of cotangent of x.

For the following exercises, find the period and horizontal shift of each of the functions.

f ( x ) = 2 tan ( 4 x 32 )

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h ( x ) = 2 sec ( π 4 ( x + 1 ) )

period: 8; horizontal shift: 1 unit to left

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m ( x ) = 6 csc ( π 3 x + π )

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If tan x = 1.5 , find tan ( x ) .

1.5

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If sec x = 2 , find sec ( x ) .

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If csc x = 5 , find csc ( x ) .

5

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If x sin x = 2 , find ( x ) sin ( x ) .

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For the following exercises, rewrite each expression such that the argument x is positive.

cot ( x ) cos ( x ) + sin ( x )

cot x cos x sin x

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cos ( x ) + tan ( x ) sin ( x )

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Graphical

For the following exercises, sketch two periods of the graph for each of the following functions. Identify the stretching factor, period, and asymptotes.

f ( x ) = 2 tan ( 4 x 32 )

A graph of two periods of a modified tangent function. There are two vertical asymptotes.

stretching factor: 2; period:   π 4 ;   asymptotes:   x = 1 4 ( π 2 + π k ) + 8 ,  where  k  is an integer

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h ( x ) = 2 sec ( π 4 ( x + 1 ) )

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m ( x ) = 6 csc ( π 3 x + π )

A graph of two periods of a modified cosecant function. Vertical Asymptotes at x= -6, -3, 0, 3, and 6.

stretching factor: 6; period: 6; asymptotes:   x = 3 k ,  where  k  is an integer

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j ( x ) = tan ( π 2 x )

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p ( x ) = tan ( x π 2 )

A graph of two periods of a modified tangent function. Vertical asymptotes at multiples of pi.

stretching factor: 1; period:   π ;   asymptotes:   x = π k ,  where  k  is an integer

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f ( x ) = tan ( x + π 4 )

A graph of two periods of a modified tangent function. Three vertical asymptiotes shown.

Stretching factor: 1; period:   π ;   asymptotes:   x = π 4 + π k ,  where  k  is an integer

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f ( x ) = π tan ( π x π ) π

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f ( x ) = 2 csc ( x )

A graph of two periods of a modified cosecant function. Vertical asymptotes at multiples of pi.

stretching factor: 2; period:   2 π ;   asymptotes:   x = π k ,  where  k  is an integer

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f ( x ) = 1 4 csc ( x )

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f ( x ) = 4 sec ( 3 x )

A graph of two periods of a modified secant function. Vertical asymptotes at x=-pi/2, -pi/6, pi/6, and pi/2.

stretching factor: 4; period:   2 π 3 ;   asymptotes:   x = π 6 k ,  where  k  is an odd integer

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f ( x ) = 3 cot ( 2 x )

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f ( x ) = 7 sec ( 5 x )

A graph of two periods of a modified secant function. There are four vertical asymptotes all pi/5 apart.

stretching factor: 7; period:   2 π 5 ;   asymptotes:   x = π 10 k ,  where  k  is an odd integer

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f ( x ) = 9 10 csc ( π x )

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f ( x ) = 2 csc ( x + π 4 ) 1

A graph of two periods of a modified cosecant function. Three vertical asymptotes, each pi apart.

stretching factor: 2; period:   2 π ;   asymptotes:   x = π 4 + π k ,  where  k  is an integer

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f ( x ) = sec ( x π 3 ) 2

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f ( x ) = 7 5 csc ( x π 4 )

A graph of a modified cosecant function. Four vertical asymptotes.

stretching factor:   7 5 ;   period:   2 π ;   asymptotes:   x = π 4 + π k ,  where  k  is an integer

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f ( x ) = 5 ( cot ( x + π 2 ) 3 )

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For the following exercises, find and graph two periods of the periodic function with the given stretching factor, | A | , period, and phase shift.

A tangent curve, A = 1 , period of π 3 ; and phase shift ( h , k ) = ( π 4 , 2 )

y = tan ( 3 ( x π 4 ) ) + 2

A graph of two periods of a modified tangent function. Vertical asymptotes at x=-pi/4 and pi/12.
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A tangent curve, A = −2 , period of π 4 , and phase shift ( h , k ) = ( π 4 , −2 )

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For the following exercises, find an equation for the graph of each function.

graph of two periods of a modified tangent function. Vertical asymptotes at x=-0.005 and x=0.005.

f ( x ) = 1 2 tan ( 100 π x )

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Technology

For the following exercises, use a graphing calculator to graph two periods of the given function. Note: most graphing calculators do not have a cosecant button; therefore, you will need to input csc x as 1 sin x .

f ( x ) = csc ( x ) sec ( x )

A graph of tangent of x.
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Graph f ( x ) = 1 + sec 2 ( x ) tan 2 ( x ) . What is the function shown in the graph?

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f ( x ) = sec ( 0.001 x )

A graph of two periods of a modified secant function. Vertical asymptotes at multiples of 500pi.
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f ( x ) = cot ( 100 π x )

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f ( x ) = sin 2 x + cos 2 x

A graph of y=1.
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Real-world applications

The function f ( x ) = 20 tan ( π 10 x ) marks the distance in the movement of a light beam from a police car across a wall for time x , in seconds, and distance f ( x ) , in feet.

  1. Graph on the interval [ 0 , 5 ] .
  2. Find and interpret the stretching factor, period, and asymptote.
  3. Evaluate f ( 1 ) and f ( 2.5 ) and discuss the function’s values at those inputs.
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Standing on the shore of a lake, a fisherman sights a boat far in the distance to his left. Let x , measured in radians, be the angle formed by the line of sight to the ship and a line due north from his position. Assume due north is 0 and x is measured negative to the left and positive to the right. (See [link] .) The boat travels from due west to due east and, ignoring the curvature of the Earth, the distance d ( x ) , in kilometers, from the fisherman to the boat is given by the function d ( x ) = 1.5 sec ( x ) .

  1. What is a reasonable domain for d ( x ) ?
  2. Graph d ( x ) on this domain.
  3. Find and discuss the meaning of any vertical asymptotes on the graph of d ( x ) .
  4. Calculate and interpret d ( π 3 ) . Round to the second decimal place.
  5. Calculate and interpret d ( π 6 ) . Round to the second decimal place.
  6. What is the minimum distance between the fisherman and the boat? When does this occur?
An illustration of a man and the distance he is away from a boat.
  1. ( π 2 , π 2 ) ;
  2. A graph of a half period of a secant function. Vertical asymptotes at x=-pi/2 and pi/2.
  3. x = π 2 and x = π 2 ; the distance grows without bound as | x | approaches π 2 —i.e., at right angles to the line representing due north, the boat would be so far away, the fisherman could not see it;
  4. 3; when x = π 3 , the boat is 3 km away;
  5. 1.73; when x = π 6 , the boat is about 1.73 km away;
  6. 1.5 km; when x = 0
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A laser rangefinder is locked on a comet approaching Earth. The distance g ( x ) , in kilometers, of the comet after x days, for x in the interval 0 to 30 days, is given by g ( x ) = 250,000 csc ( π 30 x ) .

  1. Graph g ( x ) on the interval [ 0 , 35 ] .
  2. Evaluate g ( 5 ) and interpret the information.
  3. What is the minimum distance between the comet and Earth? When does this occur? To which constant in the equation does this correspond?
  4. Find and discuss the meaning of any vertical asymptotes.
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A video camera is focused on a rocket on a launching pad 2 miles from the camera. The angle of elevation from the ground to the rocket after x seconds is π 120 x .

  1. Write a function expressing the altitude h ( x ) , in miles, of the rocket above the ground after x seconds. Ignore the curvature of the Earth.
  2. Graph h ( x ) on the interval ( 0 , 60 ) .
  3. Evaluate and interpret the values h ( 0 ) and h ( 30 ) .
  4. What happens to the values of h ( x ) as x approaches 60 seconds? Interpret the meaning of this in terms of the problem.
  1. h ( x ) = 2 tan ( π 120 x ) ;
  2. An exponentially increasing function with a vertical asymptote at x=60.
  3. h ( 0 ) = 0 : after 0 seconds, the rocket is 0 mi above the ground; h ( 30 ) = 2 : after 30 seconds, the rockets is 2 mi high;
  4. As x approaches 60 seconds, the values of h ( x ) grow increasingly large. The distance to the rocket is growing so large that the camera can no longer track it.
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Questions & Answers

it is the relatively stable flow of income
Chidubem Reply
what is circular flow of income
Divine Reply
branches of macroeconomics
SHEDRACK Reply
what is Flexible exchang rate?
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is gdp a reliable measurement of wealth
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introduction to econometrics
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Why is unemployment rate never zero at full employment?
Priyanka Reply
bcoz of existence of frictional unemployment in our economy.
Umashankar
what is flexible exchang rate?
poudel
due to existence of the pple with disabilities
Abdulraufu
the demand of a good rises, causing the demand for another good to fall
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is it possible to leave every good at the same level
Joseph
I don't think so. because check it, if the demand for chicken increases, people will no longer consume fish like they used to causing a fall in the demand for fish
Anuolu
is not really possible to let the value of a goods to be same at the same time.....
Salome
Suppose the inflation rate is 6%, does it mean that all the goods you purchase will cost 6% more than previous year? Provide with reasoning.
Geetha Reply
Not necessarily. To measure the inflation rate economists normally use an averaged price index of a basket of certain goods. So if you purchase goods included in the basket, you will notice that you pay 6% more, otherwise not necessarily.
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Economic growth Stable prices and low unemployment
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what is inflation
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increase in general price levels
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Good day How do I calculate this question: C= 100+5yd G= 2000 T= 2000 I(planned)=200. Suppose the actual output is 3000. What is the level of planned expenditures at this level of output?
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Chisomo
how to calculate the equilibrium income
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Criteria for determining money supply
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Aggregate demand
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C=k100 +9y and i=k50.calculate the equilibrium level of output
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money as unit of account means what?
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A unit of account is something that can be used to value goods and services and make calculations
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I want to know how can we define macroeconomics in one line
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it must be .9 or 0.9 no Mpc is greater than 1 Y=100+.9Y+50 Y-.9Y=150 0.1Y/0.1=150/0.1 Y=1500
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hi can someone help me on this question If a negative shocks shifts the IS curve to the left, what type of policy do you suggest so as to stabilize the level of output? discuss your answer using appropriate graph.
Galge Reply
if interest rate is increased this will will reduce the level of income shifting the curve to the left ◀️
Kalombe
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Source:  OpenStax, Precalculus. OpenStax CNX. Jan 19, 2016 Download for free at https://legacy.cnx.org/content/col11667/1.6
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