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If cos ( t ) = 24 25 and t is in the fourth quadrant, find sin ( t ) .

sin ( t ) = 7 25

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Finding sines and cosines of special angles

We have already learned some properties of the special angles, such as the conversion from radians to degrees. We can also calculate sines and cosines of the special angles using the Pythagorean Identity    and our knowledge of triangles.

Finding sines and cosines of 45° angles

First, we will look at angles of 45° or π 4 , as shown in [link] . A 45° 45° 90° triangle is an isosceles triangle, so the x- and y -coordinates of the corresponding point on the circle are the same. Because the x- and y -values are the same, the sine and cosine values will also be equal.

Graph of 45 degree angle inscribed within a circle with radius of 1. Equivalence between point (x,y) and (x,x) shown.

At t = π 4 , which is 45 degrees, the radius of the unit circle bisects the first quadrantal angle    . This means the radius lies along the line y = x . A unit circle has a radius equal to 1. So, the right triangle formed below the line y = x has sides x and y   ( y = x ) , and a radius = 1. See [link] .

Graph of circle with pi/4 angle inscribed and a radius of 1.

From the Pythagorean Theorem we get

x 2 + y 2 = 1

Substituting y = x , we get

x 2 + x 2 = 1

Combining like terms we get

2 x 2 = 1

And solving for x , we get

x 2 = 1 2          x = ± 1 2

In quadrant I, x = 1 2 .

At t = π 4 or 45 degrees,

( x , y ) = ( x , x ) = ( 1 2 , 1 2 ) x = 1 2 , y = 1 2 cos t = 1 2 , sin t = 1 2

If we then rationalize the denominators, we get

cos t = 1 2 2 2 = 2 2 sin t = 1 2 2 2 = 2 2

Therefore, the ( x , y ) coordinates of a point on a circle of radius 1 at an angle of 45° are ( 2 2 , 2 2 ) .

Finding sines and cosines of 30° and 60° angles

Next, we will find the cosine and sine at an angle of 30° , or π 6 . First, we will draw a triangle inside a circle with one side at an angle of 30° , and another at an angle of −30° , as shown in [link] . If the resulting two right triangles are combined into one large triangle, notice that all three angles of this larger triangle will be 60° , as shown in [link] .

Graph of a circle with 30 degree angle and negative 30 degree angle inscribed to form a trangle.
Image of two 30/60/90 triangles back to back. Label for hypoteneuse r and side y.

Because all the angles are equal, the sides are also equal. The vertical line has length 2 y , and since the sides are all equal, we can also conclude that r = 2 y or y = 1 2 r . Since sin t = y ,

sin ( π 6 ) = 1 2 r

And since r = 1 in our unit circle    ,

sin ( π 6 ) = 1 2 ( 1 )              = 1 2

Using the Pythagorean Identity, we can find the cosine value.

cos 2 π 6 + sin 2 ( π 6 ) = 1      cos 2 ( π 6 ) + ( 1 2 ) 2 = 1                  cos 2 ( π 6 ) = 3 4 Use the square root property .                     cos ( π 6 ) = ± 3 ± 4 = 3 2 Since  y  is positive, choose the positive root .

The ( x , y ) coordinates for the point on a circle of radius 1 at an angle of 30° are ( 3 2 , 1 2 ) . At t = π 3 (60°), the radius of the unit circle, 1, serves as the hypotenuse of a 30-60-90 degree right triangle, B A D , as shown in [link] . Angle A has measure 60° . At point B , we draw an angle A B C with measure of 60° . We know the angles in a triangle sum to 180° , so the measure of angle C is also 60° . Now we have an equilateral triangle. Because each side of the equilateral triangle A B C is the same length, and we know one side is the radius of the unit circle, all sides must be of length 1.

Graph of circle with an isoceles triangle inscribed.

The measure of angle A B D is 30°. So, if double, angle A B C is 60°. B D is the perpendicular bisector of A C , so it cuts A C in half. This means that A D is 1 2 the radius, or 1 2 . Notice that A D is the x -coordinate of point B , which is at the intersection of the 60° angle and the unit circle. This gives us a triangle B A D with hypotenuse of 1 and side x of length 1 2 .

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Source:  OpenStax, Precalculus. OpenStax CNX. Jan 19, 2016 Download for free at https://legacy.cnx.org/content/col11667/1.6
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