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Graph of a cubic function.

Estimate the intervals where the function is increasing or decreasing.

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Estimate the point(s) at which the graph of f has a local maximum or a local minimum.

local maximum: ( 3 ,   60 ) , local minimum: ( 3 ,   60 )

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For the following exercises, consider the graph in [link] .

Graph of a cubic function.

If the complete graph of the function is shown, estimate the intervals where the function is increasing or decreasing.

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If the complete graph of the function is shown, estimate the absolute maximum and absolute minimum.

absolute maximum at approximately ( 7 ,   150 ) , absolute minimum at approximately ( −7.5 ,   −220 )

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Numeric

[link] gives the annual sales (in millions of dollars) of a product from 1998 to 2006. What was the average rate of change of annual sales (a) between 2001 and 2002, and (b) between 2001 and 2004?

Year Sales (millions of dollars)
1998 201
1999 219
2000 233
2001 243
2002 249
2003 251
2004 249
2005 243
2006 233
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[link] gives the population of a town (in thousands) from 2000 to 2008. What was the average rate of change of population (a) between 2002 and 2004, and (b) between 2002 and 2006?

Year Population (thousands)
2000 87
2001 84
2002 83
2003 80
2004 77
2005 76
2006 78
2007 81
2008 85

a. –3000; b. –1250

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For the following exercises, find the average rate of change of each function on the interval specified.

f ( x ) = x 2 on [ 1 ,   5 ]

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h ( x ) = 5 2 x 2 on [ −2 , 4 ]

-4

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q ( x ) = x 3 on [ −4 , 2 ]

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g ( x ) = 3 x 3 1 on [ −3 , 3 ]

27

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y = 1 x on [ 1 ,  3 ]

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p ( t ) = ( t 2 4 ) ( t + 1 ) t 2 + 3 on [ −3 , 1 ]

–0.167

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k ( t ) = 6 t 2 + 4 t 3 on [ −1 , 3 ]

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Technology

For the following exercises, use a graphing utility to estimate the local extrema of each function and to estimate the intervals on which the function is increasing and decreasing.

f ( x ) = x 4 4 x 3 + 5

Local minimum at ( 3 , 22 ) , decreasing on ( ,   3 ) , increasing on ( 3 ,   )

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h ( x ) = x 5 + 5 x 4 + 10 x 3 + 10 x 2 1

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g ( t ) = t t + 3

Local minimum at ( 2 , 2 ) , decreasing on ( 3 , 2 ) , increasing on ( 2 ,   )

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m ( x ) = x 4 + 2 x 3 12 x 2 10 x + 4

Local maximum at ( 0.5 ,   6 ) , local minima at ( 3.25 , 47 ) and ( 2.1 , 32 ) , decreasing on ( , 3.25 ) and ( 0.5 ,   2.1 ) , increasing on ( 3.25 ,   0.5 ) and ( 2.1 ,   )

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n ( x ) = x 4 8 x 3 + 18 x 2 6 x + 2

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Extension

The graph of the function f is shown in [link] .

Graph of f(x) on a graphing calculator.

Based on the calculator screen shot, the point ( 1.333 ,   5.185 ) is which of the following?

  1. a relative (local) maximum of the function
  2. the vertex of the function
  3. the absolute maximum of the function
  4. a zero of the function

A

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Let f ( x ) = 1 x . Find a number c such that the average rate of change of the function f on the interval ( 1 , c ) is 1 4 .

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Let f ( x ) = 1 x . Find the number b such that the average rate of change of f on the interval ( 2 , b ) is 1 10 .

b = 5

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Real-world applications

At the start of a trip, the odometer on a car read 21,395. At the end of the trip, 13.5 hours later, the odometer read 22,125. Assume the scale on the odometer is in miles. What is the average speed the car traveled during this trip?

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A driver of a car stopped at a gas station to fill up his gas tank. He looked at his watch, and the time read exactly 3:40 p.m. At this time, he started pumping gas into the tank. At exactly 3:44, the tank was full and he noticed that he had pumped 10.7 gallons. What is the average rate of flow of the gasoline into the gas tank?

2.7 gallons per minute

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Near the surface of the moon, the distance that an object falls is a function of time. It is given by d ( t ) = 2.6667 t 2 , where t is in seconds and d ( t ) is in feet. If an object is dropped from a certain height, find the average velocity of the object from t = 1 to t = 2.

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The graph in [link] illustrates the decay of a radioactive substance over t days.

Graph of an exponential function.

Use the graph to estimate the average decay rate from t = 5 to t = 15.

approximately –0.6 milligrams per day

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Questions & Answers

the diagram of the digestive system
Assiatu Reply
How does twins formed
William Reply
They formed in two ways first when one sperm and one egg are splited by mitosis or two sperm and two eggs join together
Oluwatobi
what is genetics
Josephine Reply
Genetics is the study of heredity
Misack
how does twins formed?
Misack
What is manual
Hassan Reply
discuss biological phenomenon and provide pieces of evidence to show that it was responsible for the formation of eukaryotic organelles
Joseph Reply
what is biology
Yousuf Reply
the study of living organisms and their interactions with one another and their environments
AI-Robot
the study of living organisms and their interactions with one another and their environment.
Wine
discuss the biological phenomenon and provide pieces of evidence to show that it was responsible for the formation of eukaryotic organelles in an essay form
Joseph Reply
what is the blood cells
Shaker Reply
list any five characteristics of the blood cells
Shaker
lack electricity and its more savely than electronic microscope because its naturally by using of light
Abdullahi Reply
advantage of electronic microscope is easily and clearly while disadvantage is dangerous because its electronic. advantage of light microscope is savely and naturally by sun while disadvantage is not easily,means its not sharp and not clear
Abdullahi
cell theory state that every organisms composed of one or more cell,cell is the basic unit of life
Abdullahi
is like gone fail us
DENG
cells is the basic structure and functions of all living things
Ramadan
What is classification
ISCONT Reply
is organisms that are similar into groups called tara
Yamosa
in what situation (s) would be the use of a scanning electron microscope be ideal and why?
Kenna Reply
A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is ideal for situations requiring high-resolution imaging of surfaces. It is commonly used in materials science, biology, and geology to examine the topography and composition of samples at a nanoscale level. SEM is particularly useful for studying fine details,
Hilary
cell is the building block of life.
Condoleezza Reply
what is cell divisoin?
Aron Reply
Diversity of living thing
ISCONT
what is cell division
Aron Reply
Cell division is the process by which a single cell divides into two or more daughter cells. It is a fundamental process in all living organisms and is essential for growth, development, and reproduction. Cell division can occur through either mitosis or meiosis.
AI-Robot
What is life?
Allison Reply
life is defined as any system capable of performing functions such as eating, metabolizing,excreting,breathing,moving,Growing,reproducing,and responding to external stimuli.
Mohamed
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Source:  OpenStax, Precalculus. OpenStax CNX. Jan 19, 2016 Download for free at https://legacy.cnx.org/content/col11667/1.6
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