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A point source of light is 50 cm in front of a converging lens of focal length 30 cm. A concave mirror with a focal length of 20 cm is placed 25 cm behind the lens. Where does the final image form, and what are its orientation and magnification?

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Copy and trace to find how a horizontal ray from S comes out after the lens. Use n glass = 1.5 for the prism material.

Figure shows two prisms with their bases parallel to each other at an angle of 45 degrees to the horizontal. To the right of this is a bi-convex lens. A ray along the optical axis enters this set up from the left.

Figure shows two prisms with their bases parallel to each other at an angle of 45 degrees to the horizontal. To the right of this is a bi-convex lens. A ray along the optical axis enters this set up from the left, deviates between the two prisms and travels parallel to the optical axis, slightly below it. It enters the lens and deviates to pass through its focal point on the other side.

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Copy and trace how a horizontal ray from S comes out after the lens. Use n = 1.55 for the glass.

Figure shows the cross section of a hemisphere to the left and that of a bi-convex lens to the right. A ray along the optical axis enters this setup from the left.
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Copy and draw rays to figure out the final image.

Figure shows from left to right: an object with base O on the axis and tip P. A bi-concave lens with focal point F1 and F2 on the left and right respectively and a concave mirror with centre of curvature C.

Figure shows from left to right: an object with base O on the axis and tip P. A bi-concave lens with focal point F1 and F2 on the left and right respectively and a concave mirror with center of curvature C. Two rays originate from P and diverge through the bi-concave lens. Their back extensions converge between F1 and the lens to form image Q1. Two rays originating from the tip of Q1 strike the mirror, are reflected and converge at Q2 between C and the mirror.

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By ray tracing or by calculation, find the place inside the glass where rays from S converge as a result of refraction through the lens and the convex air-glass interface. Use a ruler to estimate the radius of curvature.

Figure shows a bi-convex lens on the left and a glass with a convex surface on the right. The lens has focal points F on both sides. The center of curvature of convex glass is C and its radius of curvature is R. Point S is between the lens and its focal point on the left.
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A diverging lens has a focal length of 20 cm. What is the power of the lens in diopters?

−5 D

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Two lenses of focal lengths of f 1 and f 2 are glued together with transparent material of negligible thickness. Show that the total power of the two lenses simply add.

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What will be the angular magnification of a convex lens with the focal length 2.5 cm?

11

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What will be the formula for the angular magnification of a convex lens of focal length f if the eye is very close to the lens and the near point is located a distance D from the eye?

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Additional problems

Use a ruler and a protractor to draw rays to find images in the following cases.

(a) A point object located on the axis of a concave mirror located at a point within the focal length from the vertex.
(b) A point object located on the axis of a concave mirror located at a point farther than the focal length from the vertex.
(c) A point object located on the axis of a convex mirror located at a point within the focal length from the vertex.
(d) A point object located on the axis of a convex mirror located at a point farther than the focal length from the vertex.
(e) Repeat (a)–(d) for a point object off the axis.

a.
Figure shows the cross section of a concave mirror with centre of curvature O and focal point F. Point P lies on the axis between point F and the mirror. Ray 1 originates from point P, travels along the axis and hits the mirror. The reflected ray 1 prime travels back along the axis. Ray 2 originates from P and hits the mirror at point X. The reflected ray is labeled 2 prime. Line OX, labeled normal at X, bisects the angle formed by PX and ray 2 prime. The back extensions of 1 prime and 2 prime intersect at point Q.
b.
Figure shows the cross section of a concave mirror with points P, O, Q and F lying on the optical axis. Point P is furthest from the mirror. Ray 1 originates from P, travels along the axis and hits the mirror. The reflected ray 1 prime travels back along the axis. Ray 2 originates from P and hits the mirror at point X. The reflected ray 2 prime intersects the axis at point Q, which lies between points P and F. OX, labeled normal at X, bisects the angle PXQ.
c.
Figure shows a convex mirror with point P lying between point F and the mirror on the optical axis. Ray 1 originates from P, travels along the axis and hits the mirror. The reflected ray 1 prime travels back along the axis. Ray 2 originates from P and hits the mirror at point X. The angle formed by reflected ray 2 prime and PX is bisected by OX, the normal at X. The back extensions of 1 prime and 2 prime intersect at point Q, just behind the mirror.
d. similar to the previous picture but with point P outside the focal length; e. Repeat (a)–(d) for a point object off the axis. For a point object placed off axis in front of a concave mirror corresponding to parts (a) and (b), the case for convex mirror left as exercises.
Figure a shows the cross section of a concave mirror. Point P lies above the axis, closer to the mirror than focal point F. Ray 1 originates from P and hits the mirror. Reflected ray 1 prime travels back along the same line as ray 1 and intersects the optical axis at point O. Ray 2 originates from point P and hits the mirror at point X. The reflected ray is labeled 2 prime. The back extensions of 1 prime and 2 prime intersect at point Q behind the mirror. The angle formed by rays 2 and 2 prime is bisected by OX, the normal at X. Figure b shows the cross section of a concave mirror. Point P lies above the axis, further away from the mirror than point F. Ray 1 originates from P and hits the mirror. Reflected ray 1 prime travels back along the same line as ray 1 and intersects the optical axis at point O. Ray 2 originates from point P and hits the mirror at point X. The reflected ray is labeled 2 prime. Rays 1 prime and 2 prime intersect at point Q in front of the mirror. The angle formed by rays 2 and 2 prime is bisected by OX, the normal at X.

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Where should a 3 cm tall object be placed in front of a concave mirror of radius 20 cm so that its image is real and 2 cm tall?

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A 3 cm tall object is placed 5 cm in front of a convex mirror of radius of curvature 20 cm. Where is the image formed? How tall is the image? What is the orientation of the image?

d i = −10 / 3 cm , h i = 2 cm , upright

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You are looking for a mirror so that you can see a four-fold magnified virtual image of an object when the object is placed 5 cm from the vertex of the mirror. What kind of mirror you will need? What should be the radius of curvature of the mirror?

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Derive the following equation for a convex mirror:

1 V O 1 V I = 1 V F ,

where VO is the distance to the object O from vertex V , VI the distance to the image I from V , and VF is the distance to the focal point F from V . ( Hint : use two sets of similar triangles.)

proof

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(a) Draw rays to form the image of a vertical object on the optical axis and farther than the focal point from a converging lens. (b) Use plane geometry in your figure and prove that the magnification m is given by m = h i h o = d i d o .

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Source:  OpenStax, University physics volume 3. OpenStax CNX. Nov 04, 2016 Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col12067/1.4
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