When reactions occur, an exchange of electrons takes place.
Oxidation is the
loss of electrons from an atom, while
reduction is the
gain of electrons by an atom. By giving elements an oxidation number, it is possible to keep track of whether that element is losing or gaining electrons during a chemical reaction. The loss of electrons in one part of the reaction must be balanced by a gain of electrons in another part of the reaction.
Oxidation number
A simplified way of understanding an oxidation number is to say that it is the charge an atom would have if it was in a compound composed of ions.
There are a number of rules that you need to know about oxidation numbers, and these are listed below. These will probably not make much sense at first, but once you have worked through some examples, you will soon start to understand!
Rule 1: An element always has an oxidation number of zero, since it is neutral.
In the reaction
, the oxidation numbers of hydrogen and bromine on the left hand side of the equation are both zero.
Rule 2: In most cases, an atom that is part of a molecule will have an oxidation number that has the same numerical value as its valency.
Rule 3: Monatomic ions have an oxidation number that is equal to the charge on the ion.
The chloride ion
has an oxidation number of -1, and the magnesium ion
has an oxidation number of +2.
Rule 4: In a molecule, the oxidation number for the whole molecule will be zero, unless the molecule has a charge, in which case the oxidation number is equal to the charge.
Rule 5: Use a table of electronegativities to determine whether an atom has a positive or a negative oxidation number. For example, in a molecule of water, oxygen has a higher electronegativity so it must be negative because it attracts electrons more strongly. It will have a negative oxidation number (-2). Hydrogen will have a positive oxidation number (+1).
Rule 6: An oxygen atom usually has an oxidation number of -2, although there are some cases where its oxidation number is -1.
Rule 7: The oxidation number of hydrogen is usually +1. There are some exceptions where its oxidation number is -1.
Rule 8: In most compounds, the oxidation number of the halogens is -1.
You will notice that the oxidation number of an atom is the same as its valency. Whether an oxidation number os positive or negative, is determined by the electronegativities of the atoms involved.
Give the oxidation numbers for all the atoms in the reaction between sodium and chlorine to form sodium chloride.
Sodium will have a positive oxidation number and chlorine will have a negative oxidation number.
Sodium (group 1) will have an oxidation number of +1. Chlorine (group 7) will have an oxidation number of -1.
In the equation
, the overall charge on the NaCl molecule is +1-1=0. This is correct since NaCl is neutral. This means that, in a molecule of NaCl, sodium has an oxidation number of +1 and chlorine has an oxidation number of -1. The oxidation numbers for sodium and chlorine (on the left hand side of the equation) are zero since these are elements.
Bacteria doesn't produce energy they are dependent upon their substrate in case of lack of nutrients they are able to make spores which helps them to sustain in harsh environments
_Adnan
But not all bacteria make spores, l mean Eukaryotic cells have Mitochondria which acts as powerhouse for them, since bacteria don't have it, what is the substitution for it?
Assimilatory nitrate reduction is a process that occurs in some microorganisms, such as bacteria and archaea, in which nitrate (NO3-) is reduced to nitrite (NO2-), and then further reduced to ammonia (NH3).
Elkana
This process is called assimilatory nitrate reduction because the nitrogen that is produced is incorporated in the cells of microorganisms where it can be used in the synthesis of amino acids and other nitrogen products
There are nothing like emergency disease but there are some common medical emergency which can occur simultaneously like Bleeding,heart attack,Breathing difficulties,severe pain heart stock.Hope you will get my point .Have a nice day ❣️
_Adnan
define infection ,prevention and control
Innocent
I think infection prevention and control is the avoidance of all things we do that gives out break of infections and promotion of health practices that promote life