Laminar flow is characterized by smooth flow of the fluid in layers that do not mix.
Turbulence is characterized by eddies and swirls that mix layers of fluid together.
Fluid viscosity
is due to friction within a fluid.
Flow is proportional to pressure difference and inversely proportional to resistance:
The pressure drop caused by flow and resistance is given by
.
The Reynolds number
can reveal whether flow is laminar or turbulent. It is
.
For
below about 2000, flow is laminar. For
above about 3000, flow is turbulent. For values of
between 2000 and 3000, it may be either or both.
Key equations
Density of a sample at constant density
Pressure
Pressure at a depth
h in a fluid of constant density
Change of pressure with height in a
constant-density fluid
Absolute pressure
Pascal’s principle
Volume flow rate
Continuity equation (constant density)
Continuity equation (general form)
Bernoulli’s equation
Viscosity
Poiseuille’s law for resistance
Poiseuille’s law
Conceptual questions
Explain why the viscosity of a liquid decreases with temperature, that is, how might an increase in temperature reduce the effects of cohesive forces in a liquid? Also explain why the viscosity of a gas increases with temperature, that is, how does increased gas temperature create more collisions between atoms and molecules?
When paddling a canoe upstream, it is wisest to travel as near to the shore as possible. When canoeing downstream, it is generally better to stay near the middle. Explain why.
The water in the center of the stream is moving faster than the water near the shore due to resistance between the water and the shore and between the layers of fluid. There is also probably more turbulence near the shore, which will also slow the water down. When paddling up stream, the water pushes against the canoe, so it is better to stay near the shore to minimize the force pushing against the canoe. When moving downstream, the water pushes the canoe, increasing its velocity, so it is better to stay in the middle of the stream to maximize this effect.
Doppler ultrasound can be used to measure the speed of blood in the body. If there is a partial constriction of an artery, where would you expect blood speed to be greatest: at or after the constriction? What are the two distinct causes of higher resistance in the constriction?
You would expect the speed to be slower after the obstruction. Resistance is increased due to the reduction in size of the opening, and turbulence will be created because of the obstruction, both of which will clause the fluid to slow down.
(a) Calculate the retarding force due to the viscosity of the air layer between a cart and a level air track given the following information: air temperature is
, the cart is moving at 0.400 m/s, its surface area is
and the thickness of the air layer is
. (b) What is the ratio of this force to the weight of the 0.300-kg cart?
the study of living organisms and their interactions with one another and their environment.
Wine
discuss the biological phenomenon and provide pieces of evidence to show that it was responsible for the formation of eukaryotic organelles in an essay form
advantage of electronic microscope is easily and clearly while disadvantage is dangerous because its electronic. advantage of light microscope is savely and naturally by sun while disadvantage is not easily,means its not sharp and not clear
Abdullahi
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Abdullahi
is like gone fail us
DENG
cells is the basic structure and functions of all living things
A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is ideal for situations requiring high-resolution imaging of surfaces. It is commonly used in materials science, biology, and geology to examine the topography and composition of samples at a nanoscale level. SEM is particularly useful for studying fine details,
Hilary
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