A classic observation of refraction occurs when a pencil is placed in a glass half filled with water. Do this and observe the shape of the pencil when you look at the pencil sideways, that is, through air, glass, water. Explain your observations. Draw ray diagrams for the situation.
Determine the index of refraction from refraction data
Find the index of refraction for medium 2 in
[link] (a), assuming medium 1 is air and given the incident angle is
and the angle of refraction is
.
Strategy
The index of refraction for air is taken to be 1 in most cases (and up to four significant figures, it is 1.000). Thus
here. From the given information,
and
. With this information, the only unknown in Snell’s law is
, so that it can be used to find this unknown.
Solution
Snell’s law is
Rearranging to isolate
gives
Entering known values,
Discussion
This is the index of refraction for water, and Snell could have determined it by measuring the angles and performing this calculation. He would then have found 1.33 to be the appropriate index of refraction for water in all other situations, such as when a ray passes from water to glass. Today we can verify that the index of refraction is related to the speed of light in a medium by measuring that speed directly.
Suppose that in a situation like that in
[link] , light goes from air to diamond and that the incident angle is
. Calculate the angle of refraction
in the diamond.
Strategy
Again the index of refraction for air is taken to be
, and we are given
. We can look up the index of refraction for diamond in
[link] , finding
. The only unknown in Snell’s law is
, which we wish to determine.
Solution
Solving Snell’s law for sin
yields
Entering known values,
The angle is thus
Discussion
For the same
angle of incidence, the angle of refraction in diamond is significantly smaller than in water (
rather than
—see the preceding example). This means there is a larger change in direction in diamond. The cause of a large change in direction is a large change in the index of refraction (or speed). In general, the larger the change in speed, the greater the effect on the direction of the ray.
The changing of a light ray’s direction when it passes through variations in matter is called refraction.
The speed of light in vacuum
Index of refraction
, where
is the speed of light in the material,
is the speed of light in vacuum, and
is the index of refraction.
Snell’s law, the law of refraction, is stated in equation form as
.
Conceptual questions
Diffusion by reflection from a rough surface is described in this chapter. Light can also be diffused by refraction. Describe how this occurs in a specific situation, such as light interacting with crushed ice.
Communication is effective because it allows individuals to share ideas, thoughts, and information with others.
effective communication can lead to improved outcomes in various settings, including personal relationships, business environments, and educational settings. By communicating effectively, individuals can negotiate effectively, solve problems collaboratively, and work towards common goals.
it starts up serve and return practice/assessments.it helps find voice talking therapy also assessments through relaxed conversation.
miss
Every time someone flushes a toilet in the apartment building, the person begins to jumb back automatically after hearing the flush, before the water temperature changes. Identify the types of learning, if it is classical conditioning identify the NS, UCS, CS and CR. If it is operant conditioning, identify the type of consequence positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement or punishment
nature is an hereditary factor while nurture is an environmental factor which constitute an individual personality. so if an individual's parent has a deviant behavior and was also brought up in an deviant environment, observation of the behavior and the inborn trait we make the individual deviant.
Samuel
I am taking this course because I am hoping that I could somehow learn more about my chosen field of interest and due to the fact that being a PsyD really ignites my passion as an individual the more I hope to learn about developing and literally explore the complexity of my critical thinking skills
hello. autism is a umbrella term. autistic kids have different disorder overlapping. for example. a kid may show symptoms of ADHD and also learning disabilities.
before treatment please make sure the kid doesn't have physical disabilities like hearing..vision..speech problem. sometimes these
Jharna
continue..
sometimes due to these physical problems..the diagnosis may be misdiagnosed.
treatment for autism.
well it depends on the severity.
since autistic kids have problems in communicating and adopting to the environment.. it's best to expose the child in situations where the child
Jharna
child interact with other kids under doc supervision.
play therapy.
speech therapy.
Engaging in different activities that activate most parts of the brain.. like drawing..painting. matching color board game.
string and beads game.
the more you interact with the child the more effective
Jharna
results you'll get..
please consult a therapist to know what suits best on your child.
and last as a parent. I know sometimes it's overwhelming to guide a special kid.
but trust the process and be strong and patient as a parent.
Jharna
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