# 11.8 Cohesion and adhesion in liquids: surface tension and capillary  (Page 2/11)

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Surface tension is proportional to the strength of the cohesive force, which varies with the type of liquid. Surface tension $\gamma$ is defined to be the force F per unit length $L$ exerted by a stretched liquid membrane:

$\gamma =\frac{F}{L}.$

[link] lists values of $\gamma$ for some liquids. For the insect of [link] (a), its weight $w$ is supported by the upward components of the surface tension force: $w=\mathrm{\gamma L}\phantom{\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\text{sin}\phantom{\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\theta$ , where $L$ is the circumference of the insect's foot in contact with the water. [link] shows one way to measure surface tension. The liquid film exerts a force on the movable wire in an attempt to reduce its surface area. The magnitude of this force depends on the surface tension of the liquid and can be measured accurately.

Surface tension is the reason why liquids form bubbles and droplets. The inward surface tension force causes bubbles to be approximately spherical and raises the pressure of the gas trapped inside relative to atmospheric pressure outside. It can be shown that the gauge pressure $P$ inside a spherical bubble is given by

$P=\frac{4\gamma }{r},$

where $r$ is the radius of the bubble. Thus the pressure inside a bubble is greatest when the bubble is the smallest. Another bit of evidence for this is illustrated in [link] . When air is allowed to flow between two balloons of unequal size, the smaller balloon tends to collapse, filling the larger balloon.

Surface tension of some liquids At 20ºC unless otherwise stated.
Liquid Surface tension γ(N/m)
Water at $0\text{º}\text{C}$ 0.0756
Water at $\text{20}\text{º}\text{C}$ 0.0728
Water at $\text{100}\text{º}\text{C}$ 0.0589
Soapy water (typical) 0.0370
Ethyl alcohol 0.0223
Glycerin 0.0631
Mercury 0.465
Olive oil 0.032
Tissue fluids (typical) 0.050
Blood, whole at $\text{37}\text{º}\text{C}$ 0.058
Blood plasma at $\text{37}\text{º}\text{C}$ 0.073
Gold at $\text{1070}\text{º}\text{C}$ 1.000
Oxygen at $-\text{193}\text{º}\text{C}$ 0.0157
Helium at $-\text{269}\text{º}\text{C}$ 0.00012

## Surface tension: pressure inside a bubble

Calculate the gauge pressure inside a soap bubble $2\text{.}\text{00}×{\text{10}}^{-4}\phantom{\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\text{m}$ in radius using the surface tension for soapy water in [link] . Convert this pressure to mm Hg.

Strategy

The radius is given and the surface tension can be found in [link] , and so $P$ can be found directly from the equation $P=\frac{4\gamma }{r}$ .

Solution

Substituting $r$ and $\gamma$ into the equation $P=\frac{4\gamma }{r}$ , we obtain

$P=\frac{4\gamma }{r}=\frac{4\left(0.037 N/m\right)}{2\text{.}\text{00}×{\text{10}}^{-4}\phantom{\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\text{m}}=\text{740}\phantom{\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}{\text{N/m}}^{2}=\text{740}\phantom{\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\text{Pa}.$

We use a conversion factor to get this into units of mm Hg:

$P=\left(\text{740}\phantom{\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}{\text{N/m}}^{2}\right)\frac{1.00 mm Hg}{\text{133}\phantom{\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}{\text{N/m}}^{2}}=5.56 mm Hg.$

Discussion

Note that if a hole were to be made in the bubble, the air would be forced out, the bubble would decrease in radius, and the pressure inside would increase to atmospheric pressure (760 mm Hg).

Propose a force standard different from the example of a stretched spring discussed in the text. Your standard must be capable of producing the same force repeatedly.
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