College physics for ap® courses

OpenStax

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0.1 About openstax

0.2 About openstax resources

0.3 Customization

0.6 About College Physics for AP® Courses

0.7 Coverage, scope, and alignment to the ap® curriculum

0.8 Pedagogical foundation and features

0.10 Ap physics collection

0.11 Additional resources

0.12 Student and instructor resources

0.13 Partner resources

0.14 About the authors

0.15 Senior contributing authors

0.16 Advanced placement teacher reviewers

0.17 Faculty reviewers

0.18 To the ap® physics student

0.19 To the ap® physics teacher

1 Atomic masses

2 Selected radioactive isotopes

3 Useful information

4 Glossary of key symbols and notation

Introduction: the nature of science and physics

Connection for ap® courses

1 Physics: an introduction

2 Physical quantities and units

3 Accuracy, precision, and significant figures

4 Approximation

Connection for ap® courses

2 Vectors, scalars, and coordinate systems

3 Time, velocity, and speed

5 Motion equations for constant acceleration in one dimension

6 Problem-solving basics for one dimensional kinematics

6.1 Learning objectives

6.2 Problem-solving steps

6.9 Unreasonable results

6.13 Section summary

6.14 Conceptual questions

7 Falling objects

8 Graphical analysis of one dimensional motion

8.1 Learning objectives

8.2 Slopes and general relationships

8.3 Graph of displacement vs. time ( a = 0, so v Is constant)

8.4 Graphs of motion when a Is constant but a ≠ 0

8.5 Graphs of motion where acceleration is not constant

8.6 Section summary

8.7 Conceptual questions

8.8 Problems & Exercises

Two-dimensional kinematics

Connection for ap® courses

1 Kinematics in two dimensions: an introduction

2 Vector addition and subtraction: graphical methods

3 Vector addition and subtraction: analytical methods

4 Projectile motion

5 Addition of velocities

5.1 Learning objectives

5.2 Relative velocity

5.3 Calculating velocity: wind velocity causes an airplane to drift

5.4 Relative velocities and classical relativity

5.5 Calculating relative velocity: an airline passenger drops a coin

5.7 Conceptual questions

5.8 Problems & Exercises

Dynamics: force and newton's laws of motion

Connection for ap® courses

1 Development of force concept

2 Newton's first law of motion: inertia

3 Newton's second law of motion: concept of a system

4 Newton's third law of motion: symmetry in forces

5 Normal, tension, and other examples of force

6 Problem-solving strategies

7 Further applications of newton's laws of motion

8 Extended topic: the four basic forces—an introduction

Further applications of newton's laws: friction, drag, and elasticity

Connection for ap® courses

3 Elasticity: stress and strain

Gravitation and uniform circular motion

Connection for ap® courses

1 Rotation angle and angular velocity

2 Centripetal acceleration

3 Centripetal force

4 Fictitious forces and non-inertial frames: the coriolis force

5 Newton's universal law of gravitation

6 Satellites and kepler's laws: an argument for simplicity

Work, energy, and energy resources

Connection for ap® courses

1 Work: the scientific definition

2 Kinetic energy and the work-energy theorem

2.1 Learning objectives

2.2 Work transfers energy

2.3 Net work and the work-energy theorem

2.4 Determining the work to accelerate a package

2.5 Test prep for ap courses

2.6 Section summary

2.7 Conceptual questions

2.8 Problems & Exercises

3 Gravitational potential energy

4 Conservative forces and potential energy

5 Nonconservative forces

6 Conservation of energy

8 Work, energy, and power in humans

9 World energy use

Linear momentum and collisions

Connection for ap® courses

1 Linear momentum and force

1.1 Learning objectives

1.2 Linear momentum

1.3 Momentum and newton’s second law

1.4 Test prep for ap courses

1.5 Section summary

1.6 Conceptual questions

1.7 Problems & Exercises

3 Conservation of momentum

3.1 Learning objectives

3.2 Subatomic collisions and momentum

3.3 Test prep for ap courses

3.4 Section summary

3.5 Conceptual questions

3.6 Problems & Exercises

4 Elastic collisions in one dimension

5 Inelastic collisions in one dimension

5.1 Learning objectives

5.2 Calculating velocity and change in kinetic energy: inelastic collision

5.3 Test prep for ap courses

5.4 Section summary

5.5 Conceptual questions

5.6 Problems & Exercises

6 Collisions of point masses in two dimensions

7 Introduction to rocket propulsion

Statics and torque

Connection for ap® courses

1 The first condition for equilibrium

2 The second condition for equilibrium

4 Applications of statics, including problem-solving strategies

5 Simple machines

6 Forces and torques in muscles and joints

Rotational motion and angular momentum

Connection for ap® courses

1 Angular acceleration

2 Kinematics of rotational motion

3 Dynamics of rotational motion: rotational inertia

3.1 Learning objectives

3.2 Rotational inertia and moment of inertia

3.3 Calculating the effect of mass distribution on a merry-go-round

3.4 Test prep for ap courses

3.5 Section summary

3.6 Conceptual questions

3.7 Problems & Exercises

4 Rotational kinetic energy: work and energy revisited

5 Angular momentum and its conservation

6 Collisions of extended bodies in two dimensions

7 Gyroscopic effects: vector aspects of angular momentum

Connection for ap® courses

1 What is a fluid?

3.1 Learning objectives

3.2 Test prep for ap courses

3.3 Section summary

3.4 Conceptual questions

3.5 Problems & Exercises

4 Variation of pressure with depth in a fluid

5 Pascal’s principle

6 Gauge pressure, absolute pressure, and pressure measurement

7 Archimedes’ principle

8 Cohesion and adhesion in liquids: surface tension and capillary action

8.1 Learning objectives

8.2 Cohesion and adhesion in liquids

8.3 Surface tension

8.4 Adhesion and capillary action

8.5 Section summary

8.6 Conceptual questions

8.7 Problems & Exercises

9 Pressures in the body

Fluid dynamics and its biological and medical applications

Connection for ap® courses

1 Flow rate and its relation to velocity

2 Bernoulli’s equation

2.1 Learning objectives

2.2 Bernoulli's equation

2.3 Bernoulli's equation for static fluids

2.4 Bernoulli's principle—bernoulli's equation at constant depth

2.5 Applications of bernoulli's principle

2.6 Entrainment

2.7 Wings and sails

2.8 Velocity measurement

2.10 Conceptual questions

2.11 Problems & Exercises

2.12 Test prep for ap courses

3 The most general applications of bernoulli’s equation

4 Viscosity and laminar flow; poiseuille’s law

5 The onset of turbulence

6 Motion of an object in a viscous fluid

7 Molecular transport phenomena: diffusion, osmosis, and related processes

Temperature, kinetic theory, and the gas laws

Connection for ap® courses

2 Thermal expansion of solids and liquids

3 The ideal gas law

4 Kinetic theory: atomic and molecular explanation of pressure and

5 Phase changes

6 Humidity, evaporation, and boiling

Heat and heat transfer methods

Connection for ap® courses

2 Temperature change and heat capacity

3 Phase change and latent heat

3.1 Learning objectives

3.2 Calculate final temperature from phase change: cooling soda with ice

3.3 Problem-solving strategies for the effects of heat transfer

3.5 Conceptual questions

3.6 Problems & Exercises

4 Heat transfer methods

7.1 Learning objectives

7.2 Test prep for ap courses

7.4 Conceptual questions

7.5 Problems & Exercises

Connection for ap® courses

1 The first law of thermodynamics

2 The first law of thermodynamics and some simple processes

3 Introduction to the second law of thermodynamics: heat engines and their

4 Carnot’s perfect heat engine: the second law of thermodynamics restated

5 Applications of thermodynamics: heat pumps and refrigerators

6 Entropy and the second law of thermodynamics: disorder and the unavailability

7 Statistical interpretation of entropy and the second law of thermodynamics

Oscillatory motion and waves

Connection for ap® courses

1 Hooke’s law: stress and strain revisited

2 Period and frequency in oscillations

3 Simple harmonic motion: a special periodic motion

3.1 Learning objectives

3.2 The link between simple harmonic motion and waves

3.3 Test prep for ap courses

3.4 Section summary

3.5 Conceptual questions

3.6 Problems & Exercises

4 The simple pendulum

5 Energy and the simple harmonic oscillator

6 Uniform circular motion and simple harmonic motion

7 Damped harmonic motion

8 Forced oscillations and resonance

10 Superposition and interference

11 Energy in waves: intensity

Physics of hearing

Connection for ap® courses

2 Speed of sound, frequency, and wavelength

3 Sound intensity and sound level

4 Doppler effect and sonic booms

5 Sound interference and resonance: standing waves in air columns

Electric charge and electric field

Connection for ap® courses

1 Static electricity and charge: conservation of charge

2 Conductors and insulators

3 Conductors and electric fields in static equilibrium

4 Coulomb’s law

5 Electric field: concept of a field revisited

6 Electric field lines: multiple charges

7 Electric forces in biology

8 Applications of electrostatics

Electric potential and electric field

Connection for ap® courses

1 Electric potential energy: potential difference

2 Electric potential in a uniform electric field

3 Electrical potential due to a point charge

4 Equipotential lines

5 Capacitors and dielectrics

5.1 Learning objectives

5.2 Parallel plate capacitor

5.4 Test prep for ap courses

5.5 Section summary

5.6 Conceptual questions

5.7 Problems & Exercises

6 Capacitors in series and parallel

7 Energy stored in capacitors

Electric current, resistance, and ohm's law

Connection for ap® courses

2 Ohm’s law: resistance and simple circuits

3 Resistance and resistivity

4 Electric power and energy

4.1 Learning objectives

4.2 Power in electric circuits

4.3 The cost of electricity

4.4 Test prep for ap courses

4.5 Section summary

4.6 Conceptual questions

4.7 Problem exercises

5 Alternating current versus direct current

6 Electric hazards and the human body

7 Nerve conduction–electrocardiograms

Circuits, bioelectricity, and dc instruments

Connection for ap® courses

1 Resistors in series and parallel

2 Electromotive force: terminal voltage

3 Kirchhoff’s rules

4 Dc voltmeters and ammeters

5 Null measurements

6 Dc circuits containing resistors and capacitors

Connection for ap® courses

2 Ferromagnets and electromagnets

3 Magnetic fields and magnetic field lines

4 Magnetic field strength: force on a moving charge in a magnetic field

5 Force on a moving charge in a magnetic field: examples and applications

6 The hall effect

7 Magnetic force on a current-carrying conductor

8 Torque on a current loop: motors and meters

9 Magnetic fields produced by currents: ampere’s law

10 Magnetic force between two parallel conductors

11 More applications of magnetism

Electromagnetic induction, ac circuits, and electrical technologies

Connection for ap® courses

1 Induced emf and magnetic flux

2 Faraday’s law of induction: lenz’s law

4 Eddy currents and magnetic damping

5 Electric generators

7.1 Learning objectives

7.2 Test prep for ap courses

7.3 Section summary

7.4 Conceptual questions

7.5 Problems & Exercises

8 Electrical safety: systems and devices

11 Reactance, inductive and capacitive

12 Rlc series ac circuits

Electromagnetic waves

Connection for ap® courses

1 Maxwell’s equations: electromagnetic waves predicted and observed

2 Production of electromagnetic waves

3 The electromagnetic spectrum

4 Energy in electromagnetic waves

Geometric optics

Connection for ap® courses

1 The ray aspect of light

2 The law of reflection

3 The law of refraction

4 Total internal reflection

5 Dispersion: the rainbow and prisms

6 Image formation by lenses

7 Image formation by mirrors

Vision and optical instruments

Connection for ap® courses

1 Physics of the eye

2 Vision correction

3 Color and color vision

Connection for ap® courses

1 The wave aspect of light: interference

2 Huygens's principle: diffraction

3 Young’s double slit experiment

4 Multiple slit diffraction

5 Single slit diffraction

6 Limits of resolution: the rayleigh criterion

6.1 Learning objectives

6.2 Calculating diffraction limits of the hubble space telescope

6.3 Test prep for ap courses

6.4 Section summary

6.5 Conceptual questions

6.6 Problems & Exercises

7 Thin film interference

9 *extended topic* microscopy enhanced by the wave characteristics of

Special relativity

Connection for ap® courses

1 Einstein’s postulates

2 Simultaneity and time dilation

3 Length contraction

4 Relativistic addition of velocities

5 Relativistic momentum

6 Relativistic energy

Introduction to quantum physics

Connection for ap® courses

1 Quantization of energy

2 The photoelectric effect

3 Photon energies and the electromagnetic spectrum

4 Photon momentum

4.1 Learning objectives

4.2 Measuring photon momentum

4.3 Electron and photon momentum compared

4.4 Relativistic photon momentum

4.5 Test prep for ap courses

4.6 Test prep for ap courses

4.7 Section summary

4.8 Conceptual questions

4.9 Problems & Exercises

5 The particle-wave duality

6 The wave nature of matter

7 Probability: the heisenberg uncertainty principle

7.1 Learning objectives

7.2 Probability distribution

7.3 Heisenberg uncertainty

7.4 Heisenberg uncertainty for energy and time

7.5 Section summary

7.6 Conceptual questions

7.7 Problems & Exercises

8 The particle-wave duality reviewed

Connection for ap® courses

1 Discovery of the atom

2 Discovery of the parts of the atom: electrons and nuclei

3 Bohr’s theory of the hydrogen atom

4 X rays: atomic origins and applications

5 Applications of atomic excitations and de-excitations

6 The wave nature of matter causes quantization

7 Patterns in spectra reveal more quantization

8 Quantum numbers and rules

9 The pauli exclusion principle

Radioactivity and nuclear physics

Connection for ap® courses

1 Nuclear radioactivity

2 Radiation detection and detectors

3 Substructure of the nucleus

4 Nuclear decay and conservation laws

5 Half-life and activity

6 Binding energy

Medical applications of nuclear physics

Connection for ap® courses

1 Medical imaging and diagnostics

2 Biological effects of ionizing radiation

3 Therapeutic uses of ionizing radiation

4 Food irradiation

7 Nuclear weapons

Particle physics

Connection for ap® courses

1 The yukawa particle and the heisenberg uncertainty principle revisited

2 The four basic forces

3 Accelerators create matter from energy

4 Particles, patterns, and conservation laws

5 Quarks: is that all there is?

6 Guts: the unification of forces

Frontiers of physics

Connection for ap® courses

1 Cosmology and particle physics

2 General relativity and quantum gravity

4 Dark matter and closure

5 Complexity and chaos

6 High-temperature superconductors

7 Some questions we know to ask

Source: OpenStax, College physics for ap® courses. OpenStax CNX. Nov 04, 2016 Download for free at https://legacy.cnx.org/content/col11844/1.14

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