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- College physics for ap® courses
- Frontiers of physics
- Some questions we know to ask
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How do phase transitions take place on the microscopic scale ? We know a lot about phase transitions, such as water freezing, but the details of how they occur molecule by molecule are not well understood. Similar questions about specific heat a century ago led to early quantum mechanics. It is also an example of a complex adaptive system that may yield insights into other self-organizing systems.
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Is there a way to deal with nonlinear phenomena that reveals underlying connections ? Nonlinear phenomena lack a direct or linear proportionality that makes analysis and understanding a little easier. There are implications for nonlinear optics and broader topics such as chaos.
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How do high-
superconductors become resistanceless at such high temperatures ? Understanding how they work may help make them more practical or may result in surprises as unexpected as the discovery of superconductivity itself.
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There are magnetic effects in materials we do not understand—how do they work ? Although beyond the scope of this text, there is a great deal to learn in condensed matter physics (the physics of solids and liquids). We may find surprises analogous to lasing, the quantum Hall effect, and the quantization of magnetic flux. Complexity may play a role here, too.
On the smallest scale
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Are quarks and leptons fundamental, or do they have a substructure ? The higher energy accelerators that are just completed or being constructed may supply some answers, but there will also be input from cosmology and other systematics.
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Why do leptons have integral charge while quarks have fractional charge ? If both are fundamental and analogous as thought, this question deserves an answer. It is obviously related to the previous question.
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Why are there three families of quarks and leptons ? First, does this imply some relationship? Second, why three and only three families?
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Are all forces truly equal (unified) under certain circumstances ? They don't have to be equal just because we want them to be. The answer may have to be indirectly obtained because of the extreme energy at which we think they are unified.
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Are there other fundamental forces ? There was a flurry of activity with claims of a fifth and even a sixth force a few years ago. Interest has subsided, since those forces have not been detected consistently. Moreover, the proposed forces have strengths similar to gravity, making them extraordinarily difficult to detect in the presence of stronger forces. But the question remains; and if there are no other forces, we need to ask why only four and why these four.
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Is the proton stable ? We have discussed this in some detail, but the question is related to fundamental aspects of the unification of forces. We may never know from experiment that the proton is stable, only that it is very long lived.
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Are there magnetic monopoles ? Many particle theories call for very massive individual north- and south-pole particles—magnetic monopoles. If they exist, why are they so different in mass and elusiveness from electric charges, and if they do not exist, why not?
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Do neutrinos have mass ? Definitive evidence has emerged for neutrinos having mass. The implications are significant, as discussed in this chapter. There are effects on the closure of the universe and on the patterns in particle physics.
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What are the systematic characteristics of high-
nuclei ? All elements with
or less (with the exception of 115 and 117) have now been discovered. It has long been conjectured that there may be an island of relative stability near
, and the study of the most recently discovered nuclei will contribute to our understanding of nuclear forces.
These lists of questions are not meant to be complete or consistently important—you can no doubt add to it yourself. There are also important questions in topics not broached in this text, such as certain particle symmetries, that are of current interest to physicists. Hopefully, the point is clear that no matter how much we learn, there always seems to be more to know. Although we are fortunate to have the hard-won wisdom of those who preceded us, we can look forward to new enlightenment, undoubtedly sprinkled with surprise.
Section summary
- On the largest scale, the questions which can be asked may be about dark matter, dark energy, black holes, quasars, and other aspects of the universe.
- On the intermediate scale, we can query about gravity, phase transitions, nonlinear phenomena, high-
superconductors, and magnetic effects on materials.
- On the smallest scale, questions may be about quarks and leptons, fundamental forces, stability of protons, and existence of monopoles.
Conceptual questions
For experimental evidence, particularly of previously unobserved phenomena, to be taken seriously it must be reproducible or of sufficiently high quality that a single observation is meaningful. Supernova 1987A is not reproducible. How do we know observations of it were valid? The fifth force is not broadly accepted. Is this due to lack of reproducibility or poor-quality experiments (or both)? Discuss why forefront experiments are more subject to observational problems than those involving established phenomena.
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Questions & Answers
it is the relatively stable flow of income
what is circular flow of income
branches of macroeconomics
what is Flexible exchang rate?
is gdp a reliable measurement of wealth
introduction to econometrics
Why is unemployment rate never zero at full employment?
bcoz of existence of frictional unemployment in our economy.
Umashankar
what is flexible exchang rate?
poudel
due to existence of the pple with disabilities
Abdulraufu
the demand of a good rises, causing the demand for another good to fall
is it possible to leave every good at the same level
Joseph
I don't think so. because check it, if the demand for chicken increases, people will no longer consume fish like they used to causing a fall in the demand for fish
Anuolu
is not really possible to let the value of a goods to be same at the same time.....
Salome
Suppose the inflation rate is 6%, does it mean that all the goods you purchase will cost
6% more than previous year? Provide with reasoning.
Not necessarily. To measure the inflation rate economists normally use an averaged price index of a basket of certain goods. So if you purchase goods included in the basket, you will notice that you pay 6% more, otherwise not necessarily.
Waeth
discus major problems of macroeconomics
what is the problem of macroeconomics
Yoal
Economic growth
Stable prices
and low unemployment
Ephraim
explain inflationcause and itis degre
increase in general price levels
WEETO
Good day
How do I calculate this question: C= 100+5yd G= 2000 T= 2000 I(planned)=200.
Suppose the actual output is 3000. What is the level of planned expenditures at this level of output?
how to calculate actual output?
Chisomo
how to calculate the equilibrium income
Beshir
Criteria for determining money supply
who we can define macroeconomics in one line
Muhammad
Aggregate demand
Mohammed
C=k100 +9y and i=k50.calculate the equilibrium level of output
nawalparasi district
from belatari
Amisha
I am Camara from Guinea west Africa... happy to meet you guys here
Sekou
ahile becheclor ho
Amisha
hjr ktm bta ho
ani k kaam grnu hunxa tw
Amisha
money as unit of account means what?
Kalombe
A unit of account is something that can be used to value goods and services and make calculations
Jim
all of you please speak in English I can't understand you're language
Muhammad
I want to know how can we define macroeconomics in one line
Muhammad
it must be .9 or 0.9
no Mpc is greater than 1
Y=100+.9Y+50
Y-.9Y=150
0.1Y/0.1=150/0.1
Y=1500
Kalombe
Mercy is it clear?😋
Kalombe
hi can someone help me on this question
If a negative shocks shifts the IS curve to the left, what type of policy do you suggest so as to stabilize the level of output?
discuss your answer using appropriate graph.
if interest rate is increased this will will reduce the level of income shifting the curve to the left ◀️
Kalombe
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Source:
OpenStax, College physics for ap® courses. OpenStax CNX. Nov 04, 2016 Download for free at https://legacy.cnx.org/content/col11844/1.14
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