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  • Define the composition of an atom along with its electrons, neutrons, and protons.
  • Explain the Pauli exclusion principle and its application to the atom.
  • Specify the shell and subshell symbols and their positions.
  • Define the position of electrons in different shells of an atom.
  • State the position of each element in the periodic table according to shell filling.

Multiple-electron atoms

All atoms except hydrogen are multiple-electron atoms. The physical and chemical properties of elements are directly related to the number of electrons a neutral atom has. The periodic table of the elements groups elements with similar properties into columns. This systematic organization is related to the number of electrons in a neutral atom, called the atomic number    , Z size 12{n} {} . We shall see in this section that the exclusion principle is key to the underlying explanations, and that it applies far beyond the realm of atomic physics.

In 1925, the Austrian physicist Wolfgang Pauli (see [link] ) proposed the following rule: No two electrons can have the same set of quantum numbers. That is, no two electrons can be in the same state. This statement is known as the Pauli exclusion principle    , because it excludes electrons from being in the same state. The Pauli exclusion principle is extremely powerful and very broadly applicable. It applies to any identical particles with half-integral intrinsic spin—that is, having s = 1/2, 3/2, ... size 12{s=1/2,`3/2, "." "." "." "." } {} Thus no two electrons can have the same set of quantum numbers.

Pauli exclusion principle

No two electrons can have the same set of quantum numbers. That is, no two electrons can be in the same state.

A black and white portrait of Austrian physicist Wolfgang Pauli.
The Austrian physicist Wolfgang Pauli (1900–1958) played a major role in the development of quantum mechanics. He proposed the exclusion principle; hypothesized the existence of an important particle, called the neutrino, before it was directly observed; made fundamental contributions to several areas of theoretical physics; and influenced many students who went on to do important work of their own. (credit: Nobel Foundation, via Wikimedia Commons)

Let us examine how the exclusion principle applies to electrons in atoms. The quantum numbers involved were defined in Quantum Numbers and Rules as n, l, m l , s , and m s size 12{m rSub { size 8{s} } } {} . Since s size 12{s} {} is always 1 / 2 size 12{1/2} {} for electrons, it is redundant to list s , and so we omit it and specify the state of an electron by a set of four numbers n , l , m l , m s . For example, the quantum numbers 2, 1, 0, 1 / 2 size 12{ left (2,` 1,` 0,` - 1/2 right )} {} completely specify the state of an electron in an atom.

Since no two electrons can have the same set of quantum numbers, there are limits to how many of them can be in the same energy state. Note that n size 12{n} {} determines the energy state in the absence of a magnetic field. So we first choose n size 12{n} {} , and then we see how many electrons can be in this energy state or energy level. Consider the n = 1 size 12{n=1} {} level, for example. The only value l size 12{l} {} can have is 0 (see [link] for a list of possible values once n size 12{n} {} is known), and thus m l can only be 0. The spin projection m s can be either + 1 / 2 or 1 / 2 , and so there can be two electrons in the n = 1 state. One has quantum numbers 1, 0, 0, + 1/2 , and the other has 1, 0, 0, 1/2 . [link] illustrates that there can be one or two electrons having n = 1 size 12{n=1} {} , but not three.

Questions & Answers

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Suppose hydrogen and oxygen are diffusing through air. A small amount of each is released simultaneously. How much time passes before the hydrogen is 1.00 s ahead of the oxygen? Such differences in arrival times are used as an analytical tool in gas chromatography.
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the science concerned with describing the interactions of energy, matter, space, and time; it is especially interested in what fundamental mechanisms underlie every phenomenon
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Practice Key Terms 4

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Source:  OpenStax, College physics. OpenStax CNX. Jul 27, 2015 Download for free at http://legacy.cnx.org/content/col11406/1.9
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