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Balfanz and Byrnes (2006) investigated high poverty middle schools and the success that was achieved in closing the gap in mathematics. In the study, the researchers examined 23 high-poverty middle schools which did not implement the Whole School Reform (WSR) in the Philadelphia school district and three high-poverty middle schools that did incorporate the WSR program. The three high-poverty schools that implemented the Whole School Reform (WSR) outperformed the 23 high-poverty, minority schools that did not implement WSR (overall gain +3.2 points).

Carpenter, Ramirez, and Severn (2006) examined differences in achievement within ethnic minority groups. The researchers analyzed math achievement data from the National Center for Educational Studies (NCES:88). Over 15,000 Grade 12 students from Hispanic, Black, or White ethnic backgrounds were included in the study. A multiple regression of students resulted in a “stair step of achievement” where White students outperformed Hispanic students who outperformed Black students (p. 117). Carpenter et al. (2006) also concluded that math achievement increased as socio-economic status, parental involvement, and time spent on homework increased within family households.

Researchers have established that students who were limited in language proficiency had greater difficulty in reading achievement (Allington&McGill-Franzen, 2003) than students who were non-LEP. Ready and Tindal (2006) analyzed data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Kindergarten cohort of 1998-1999 (ECLS-K) to determine language status and children’s acquisition of information within a school setting. Students were separated into groups according to the following language criteria: non-language minority, language minority proficient, language minority, non-proficient Asian language minority proficient, and other language minority proficient (White, Black, Native American, and multi-racial) children whose first language was not English. Hispanic language minority proficient students entered kindergarten with an academic disadvantage, with a SD of 0.43 in comparison to non-language minority students and a disadvantage of 0.59 SD in math. Although Hispanic language minority proficient students narrowed the gap in first grade (0.31 SD ), the achievement gap remained. In math the achievement gap narrowed (0.37 SD ) during kindergarten, but stabilized in first grade (0.41 SD ). Ready and Tindall (2006) also examined socio-demographic background in relation to achievement. They concluded that Hispanic language minority proficient and language minority non-proficient students were the most economically disadvantaged of all kindergarten students. Language minority proficient students from Hispanic homes were nearly three times more likely to come from impoverished homes and five times more likely than native speakers to come from low socio-economic homes than other language minority proficient students.

Foster and Miller (2007) examined factors that influence students’ phonics and early comprehension skills from kindergarten through third grade. A total of 12,261 White, Hispanic, Black, and other minority groups were divided into three literacy readiness groups: high, average, and low. Students were placed in groups according to their performance on the literacy assessment. If students scored one standard deviation below the mean, they were placed in the low group. Students who scored one standard deviation above the mean score were placed in the high group. An analysis of variance resulted in statistically significant findings for students who were in the high and average performing groups. Both groups scored the highest in decoding in first grade. The low performing groups did not achieve the same level of performance until third grade. In relation to parent education and income, poverty level was more prevalent in the low performing groups (33%) than high performing groups. The researchers reported 55% of the low performing group had parents who had a high school diploma, compared to 91% of the students in the high performing group. Hispanic and Black students were “overrepresented” in the low performing groups (p. 179).

Questions & Answers

how does Neisseria cause meningitis
Nyibol Reply
what is microbiologist
Muhammad Reply
what is errata
Muhammad
is the branch of biology that deals with the study of microorganisms.
Ntefuni Reply
What is microbiology
Mercy Reply
studies of microbes
Louisiaste
when we takee the specimen which lumbar,spin,
Ziyad Reply
How bacteria create energy to survive?
Muhamad Reply
Bacteria doesn't produce energy they are dependent upon their substrate in case of lack of nutrients they are able to make spores which helps them to sustain in harsh environments
_Adnan
But not all bacteria make spores, l mean Eukaryotic cells have Mitochondria which acts as powerhouse for them, since bacteria don't have it, what is the substitution for it?
Muhamad
they make spores
Louisiaste
what is sporadic nd endemic, epidemic
Aminu Reply
the significance of food webs for disease transmission
Abreham
food webs brings about an infection as an individual depends on number of diseased foods or carriers dully.
Mark
explain assimilatory nitrate reduction
Esinniobiwa Reply
Assimilatory nitrate reduction is a process that occurs in some microorganisms, such as bacteria and archaea, in which nitrate (NO3-) is reduced to nitrite (NO2-), and then further reduced to ammonia (NH3).
Elkana
This process is called assimilatory nitrate reduction because the nitrogen that is produced is incorporated in the cells of microorganisms where it can be used in the synthesis of amino acids and other nitrogen products
Elkana
Examples of thermophilic organisms
Shu Reply
Give Examples of thermophilic organisms
Shu
advantages of normal Flora to the host
Micheal Reply
Prevent foreign microbes to the host
Abubakar
they provide healthier benefits to their hosts
ayesha
They are friends to host only when Host immune system is strong and become enemies when the host immune system is weakened . very bad relationship!
Mark
what is cell
faisal Reply
cell is the smallest unit of life
Fauziya
cell is the smallest unit of life
Akanni
ok
Innocent
cell is the structural and functional unit of life
Hasan
is the fundamental units of Life
Musa
what are emergency diseases
Micheal Reply
There are nothing like emergency disease but there are some common medical emergency which can occur simultaneously like Bleeding,heart attack,Breathing difficulties,severe pain heart stock.Hope you will get my point .Have a nice day ❣️
_Adnan
define infection ,prevention and control
Innocent
I think infection prevention and control is the avoidance of all things we do that gives out break of infections and promotion of health practices that promote life
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Heyy Lubega hussein where are u from?
_Adnan
en français
Adama
which site have a normal flora
ESTHER Reply
Many sites of the body have it Skin Nasal cavity Oral cavity Gastro intestinal tract
Safaa
skin
Asiina
skin,Oral,Nasal,GIt
Sadik
How can Commensal can Bacteria change into pathogen?
Sadik
How can Commensal Bacteria change into pathogen?
Sadik
all
Tesfaye
by fussion
Asiina
what are the advantages of normal Flora to the host
Micheal
what are the ways of control and prevention of nosocomial infection in the hospital
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what is inflammation
Shelly Reply
part of a tissue or an organ being wounded or bruised.
Wilfred
what term is used to name and classify microorganisms?
Micheal Reply
Binomial nomenclature
adeolu
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Source:  OpenStax, The achievement gap between white and non-white students. OpenStax CNX. Jan 10, 2012 Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11402/1.4
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