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constant.

  • The overall output limitations are shown in Fig. 10.6a for approximate allowable torque and in Fig. 10.6b for approximate allowable power.
  • The constant-torque characteristic is well suited to many applications in the machinetool industry, where many loads consist largely of overcoming the friction of moving parts and hence have essentially constant torque requirements.

Figure 10.6 (a) Torque and (b) power limitations of combined armature-voltage

and field-current methods of speed control.

Figure 10.7 Block diagram for a speed-control system

for a separately excited or shunt-connected dc motor.

  • Figure 10.7 shows a block diagram of a feedback-control system that can be used to regulate the speed of a separately excited or shunt-connected dc motor. The inputs to the dc-motor block include the armature voltage and the field current as well as the load torque T load size 12{T rSub { size 8{ ital "load"} } } {} . The resultant motor speed ω m size 12{ω rSub { size 8{m} } } {} is fed back to a controller block which represents both the control logic and power electronics and which controls the armature voltage and field current applied to the dc motor, based upon a reference speed signal ω ref size 12{ω rSub { size 8{ ital "ref"} } } {} .
  • Depending upon the design of the controller, with such a scheme it is possible to control the steady-state motor speed to a high degree of accuracy independent of the variations in the load torque.

Torque control

  • The electromagnetic torque in the case of a separately excited or shunt motor

T mech = K f I f I a size 12{T rSub { size 8{ ital "mech"} } =K rSub { size 8{f} } I rSub { size 8{f} } I rSub { size 8{a} } } {} (10.8)

and T mech = K m I a size 12{T rSub { size 8{ ital "mech"} } =K rSub { size 8{m} } I rSub { size 8{a} } } {} (10.9)

in the case of a permanent-magnet motor.

  • Torque can be controlled directly by controlling the armature current. Fig. 10.8 shows three possible configurations.
  • In Fig. 10.8a, a phase-controlled rectifier, in combination with a dc-link filter inductor, can be used to create a variable dc-link current which can be applied directly to the armature terminals of the dc motor.
  • In Fig. 10.8b, a constant dc-link current is produced by a diode rectifier. The armature terminal voltage is then varied by a pulse-width modulation scheme in which switch S is alternately opened and closed. When switch S is opened, the current I dc size 12{I rSub { size 8{ ital "dc"} } } {} flows into the dc-motor armature while when switch S is closed, the armature is

Figure 10.8 Three typical configurations for armature-current control.

(a) Variable dc-link current (produced by a phase-controlled rectifier)

applied directly to the dc-motor armature terminals.

(b) Constant dc-link current with single-polarity pulse-width modulation.

(c) Constant dc-link current with a full H-bridge.

Figure 10.9 Block diagram of a dc-motor

speed-control system using direct-control of motor torque.

shorted and I a size 12{I rSub { size 8{a} } } {} decays. Thus, the duty cycle of switch S will control the average current into the armature.

  • Fig 10.8c shows an H-bridge configuration .Appropriate control of the four switches S 1 through S4 allows this PWM system to achieve any desired armature average current in the range I dc I a I dc size 12{ - I rSub { size 8{ ital "dc"} }<= I rSub { size 8{a} }<= I rSub { size 8{ ital "dc"} } } {} .
  • Note that in each of the PWM configurations of Fig. 10.8b and c, rapid changes in instantaneous current through the dc machine armature can give rise to large voltage spikes, which can damage the machine insulation as well as give rise to flashover and voltage breakdown of the commutator. In order to eliminate these effects, a practical system must include some sort of filter across the armature terminals (such as a large capacitor) to limit the voltage rise and to provide a low-impedance path for the high-frequency components of the drive current.
  • Figure 10.9 shows a typical configuration in which the torque control is surrounded by a speed-feedback loop. Instead of controlling the armature voltage, in this case the output of the speed controller is a torque reference signal T ref size 12{T rSub { size 8{ ital "ref"} } } {} which in turn serves as the input to the torque controller.

Questions & Answers

A golfer on a fairway is 70 m away from the green, which sits below the level of the fairway by 20 m. If the golfer hits the ball at an angle of 40° with an initial speed of 20 m/s, how close to the green does she come?
Aislinn Reply
cm
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A mouse of mass 200 g falls 100 m down a vertical mine shaft and lands at the bottom with a speed of 8.0 m/s. During its fall, how much work is done on the mouse by air resistance
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Can you compute that for me. Ty
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what is inorganic
emma
Chemistry is a branch of science that deals with the study of matter,it composition,it structure and the changes it undergoes
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A ball is thrown straight up.it passes a 2.0m high window 7.50 m off the ground on it path up and takes 1.30 s to go past the window.what was the ball initial velocity
Krampah Reply
2. A sled plus passenger with total mass 50 kg is pulled 20 m across the snow (0.20) at constant velocity by a force directed 25° above the horizontal. Calculate (a) the work of the applied force, (b) the work of friction, and (c) the total work.
Sahid Reply
you have been hired as an espert witness in a court case involving an automobile accident. the accident involved car A of mass 1500kg which crashed into stationary car B of mass 1100kg. the driver of car A applied his brakes 15 m before he skidded and crashed into car B. after the collision, car A s
Samuel Reply
can someone explain to me, an ignorant high school student, why the trend of the graph doesn't follow the fact that the higher frequency a sound wave is, the more power it is, hence, making me think the phons output would follow this general trend?
Joseph Reply
Nevermind i just realied that the graph is the phons output for a person with normal hearing and not just the phons output of the sound waves power, I should read the entire thing next time
Joseph
Follow up question, does anyone know where I can find a graph that accuretly depicts the actual relative "power" output of sound over its frequency instead of just humans hearing
Joseph
"Generation of electrical energy from sound energy | IEEE Conference Publication | IEEE Xplore" ***ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7150687?reload=true
Ryan
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answer
Magreth
progressive wave
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Mujahid
A string is 3.00 m long with a mass of 5.00 g. The string is held taut with a tension of 500.00 N applied to the string. A pulse is sent down the string. How long does it take the pulse to travel the 3.00 m of the string?
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Source:  OpenStax, Electrical machines. OpenStax CNX. Jul 29, 2009 Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col10767/1.1
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