Solid state physics & Devices _the harbinger of third wave of  (Page 2/12)

BC 400 – Invention of Brahmilipi , the mother of all Indian language except Urdu.

100 AD – Invention of Kharosti language and alphabets, the mother of all Arabic

languages including Urdu

1450AD – The Second Information revolution – Invention of rotating press by a German Mechanic named Gutenburg.

1833AD – Michael Faraday made the earliest study of semiconductors.

1834AD – Charles Babbage plans a machine to calculate and print results.

1842AD – Ada Lovelace writes a step by step Programme for Babbage’s Machine.

1850AD – George Boole invented Boolean Algebra. Boolean Algebra is the basis of the

present set of Computer Systems which use ALGORITHMIC

PROGRAMMING as opposed to HEURISTIC PROGAMMING of

Artificial Intillegence Computers. Heuristics programming uses Predicate

Logic. Heuristics means working by rule of thumbs and it is self learning

programme. In contrast Algorithm means a set of sequential steps which are

repeated or iterated. Here there is no self learning involved.

1851AD -First successful commercial telegraph cable laid from England to France. The cable had a central core of copper wire, gutta-percha, tarred yarn, tarred hemp, and iron wires.

1858AD -First transatlantic telegraph cable.

1876AD – Alexander Graham Bell invented Telephone.

1895AD – J.J Thomson discovers electron as the basic building block of Atom through

the study of Cathode Ray;

1902-1906AD - Telegraph cable crosses the Pacific ocean.

1904AD- John Ambrose Fleming invents Vacuum Tube Diode(two electrodes device).

1906AD- Lee De Forest invented Vacuum Triode ( three electrodes device) and used it to

achieve RC coupled Amplifier. Subsequently four electrodes device tetrode and

five electrodes device pentode.

1911AD- Using Heaviside “Distortion-less Transmission Condition” i.e. loading the

Telephone cables with large inductors, first long distance telephone call was

made from New York to Denver, Colorado, over a distance of 2000 miles.

1913AD- Vacuum Tube Repeater introduced in Public Service Telephone

Network (PSTN).

1915AD- Using inductor loading&R.C Coupled Amplifier, first transcontinental

telephone call is made from New York to San Francisco across a distance of

4000miles. Telephone becomes a Public Utility Service.

1918AD- Two Frenchmen, Block&Abraham, build the first simple Calculator-a

calculator with programme storage and data storage facility is a computer.

1937AD -Alan Turing invents “The Turing Machine “- it can perform all logical tasks.

1943AD- To decipher encrypted messages, British Scientist build “Colossus”-

forerunners of Electronic Computers.

1945AD- IBM builds first full scale calculator, MARK-I.

1945AD- ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator&Calculator) build by Moore School

of Electrical Engineering at the University of Pennsylvania. ENIAC is 27Metric Tonnes , consumes 200kW and occupies a large room. The valves failed at a rate of one every 10 minutes and ENIAC had 18,000 valves. So development of user friendly home Computers was a pipe dream at that time. Development could not take place using Thermoionic Valves.

1945AD- Microwave Telephone link established.