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In this lab, we learn how to compute the continuous-time Fourier transform (CTFT), normally referred to as Fourier transform, numerically and examine its properties. Also, we explore noise cancellation and amplitude modulation as applications of Fourier transform.

In the previous labs, different mathematical transforms for processing analog or continuous-time signals were covered. Now let us explore the mathematical transforms for processing digital signals. Digital signals are sampled (discrete-time) and quantized version of analog signals. The conversion of analog-to-digital signals is implemented with an analog-to-digital (A/D) converter, and the conversion of digital-to-analog signals is implemented with a digital-to-analog (D/A) converter. In the first part of the lab, we learn how to choose an appropriate sampling frequency to achieve a proper analog-to-digital conversion. In the second part of the lab, we examine the A/D and D/A processes.

Sampling and aliasing

Sampling is the process of generating discrete-time samples from an analog signal. First, it is helpful to mention the relationship between analog and digital frequencies. Consider an analog sinusoidal signal x ( t ) = A cos ( ωt + φ ) size 12{x \( t \) =A"cos" \( ωt+φ \) } {} . Sampling this signal at t = nT s size 12{t= ital "nT" rSub { size 8{s} } } {} , with the sampling time interval of T s size 12{T rSub { size 8{s} } } {} , generates the discrete-time signal

x [ n ] = A cos ( ω nT s + φ ) = A cos ( θn + φ ) , n = 0,1,2, . . . , size 12{x \[ n \] =A"cos" \( ω ital "nT" rSub { size 8{s} } +φ \) =A"cos" \( θn+φ \) , matrix {{} # n=0,1,2, "." "." "." ,{} } } {}

where θ = ωT s = 2πf f s size 12{θ=ωT rSub { size 8{s} } = { {2πf} over {f rSub { size 8{s} } } } } {} denotes digital frequency with units being radians (as compared to analog frequency ω with units being radians/second).

The difference between analog and digital frequencies is more evident by observing that the same discrete-time signal is obtained from different continuous-time signals if the product ωT s size 12{ωT rSub { size 8{s} } } {} remains the same. (An example is shown in [link] .) Likewise, different discrete-time signals are obtained from the same analog or continuous-time signal when the sampling frequency is changed. (An example is shown in [link] .) In other words, both the frequency of an analog signal f size 12{f} {} and the sampling frequency f s size 12{f rSub { size 8{s} } } {} define the digital frequency θ size 12{θ} {} of the corresponding digital signal.

Sampling of Two Different Analog Signals Leading to the Same Digital Signal

Sampling of the Same Analog Signal Leading to Two Different Digital Signals

It helps to understand the constraints associated with the above sampling process by examining signals in the frequency domain. The Fourier transform pairs for analog and digital signals are stated as

Fourier transform pairs for analog and digital signals
Fourier transform pair for analog signals { X ( ) = x ( t ) e jωt dt x ( t ) = 1 X ( ) e jωt size 12{ left lbrace matrix { X \( jω \) = Int rSub { size 8{ - infinity } } rSup { size 8{ infinity } } {x \( t \) e rSup { size 8{ - jωt} } ital "dt"} {} ##x \( t \) = { {1} over {2π} } Int rSub { size 8{ - infinity } } rSup { size 8{ infinity } } {X \( jω \) e rSup { size 8{jωt} } dω} } right none } {}
Fourier transform pair for discrete signals { X ( e ) = n = x [ n ] e jn θ , θ = ωT s x [ n ] = 1 π π X ( e ) e jn θ size 12{ left lbrace matrix { X \( e rSup { size 8{jθ} } \) = Sum cSub { size 8{n= - infinity } } cSup { size 8{ infinity } } {x \[ n \]e rSup { size 8{ - ital "jn"θ} } } matrix { , {} # θ=ωT rSub { size 8{s} } {}} {} ## x \[ n \]= { {1} over {2π} } Int rSub { size 8{ - π} } rSup { size 8{π} } {X \( e rSup { size 8{jθ} } \) e rSup { size 8{ ital "jn"θ} } dθ} } right none } {}

(a) Fourier Transform of a Continuous-Time Signal, (b) Its Discrete-Time Version

As illustrated in [link] , when an analog signal with a maximum bandwidth of W size 12{W} {} (or a maximum frequency of f max size 12{f rSub { size 8{"max"} } } {} ) is sampled at a rate of T s = 1 f s size 12{T rSub { size 8{s} } = { {1} over {f rSub { size 8{s} } } } } {} , its corresponding frequency response is repeated every size 12{2π} {} radians, or f s size 12{f rSub { size 8{s} } } {} . In other words, the Fourier transform in the digital domain becomes a periodic version of the Fourier transform in the analog domain. That is why, for discrete signals, one is interested only in the frequency range 0, f s / 2 size 12{ left [0,f rSub { size 8{s} } /2 right ]} {} .

Questions & Answers

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Source:  OpenStax, An interactive approach to signals and systems laboratory. OpenStax CNX. Sep 06, 2012 Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col10667/1.14
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