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If you were to open up a baby's head - and I am not for a moment suggesting that you should - you would find nothing but an enormous drool gland.
- Dave Barry

The salivary glands (aka "drool glands") of vertebrates are just one part of the elaborate and integrated organ system we call the digestive system. The digestive system allows organisms, such as us, to obtain their nutrition from the consumption of other organisms. Depending on their diet, animals can be classified into the following categories: plant eaters (herbivores), meat eaters (carnivores), and those that eat both plants and animals (omnivores). The nutrients and macromolecules present in food are not immediately accessible to the cells. There are a number of processes that modify food within the animal body in order to make the nutrients and organic molecules accessible for cellular function. As animals evolved in complexity of form and function, their digestive systems (including the drool glands) have also evolved to accommodate their various dietary needs.

Herbivores, omnivores, and carnivores

Herbivores are animals whose primary food source is plant-based. Examples of herbivores, as shown in [link] include vertebrates like deer, koalas, and some bird species, as well as invertebrates such as crickets and caterpillars. These animals have evolved digestive systems capable of handling large amounts of plant material. Herbivores can be further classified into frugivores (fruit-eaters), granivores (seed eaters), nectivores (nectar feeders), and folivores (leaf eaters).

Left photo shows a male American Bison. Right photo shows a caterpillar eating a leaf.
Herbivores, like this (a) American Bison and (b) Pipevine Swallowtail caterpillar, eat primarily plant material. (photo credit: David A. Rintoul)

Carnivores are animals that eat other animals. The word carnivore is derived from Latin and literally means “meat eater.” Wild cats such as lions, shown in [link] a and tigers are examples of vertebrate carnivores, as are snakes and sharks, while invertebrate carnivores include sea stars, spiders, and ladybugs, shown in [link] b . Obligate carnivores are those that rely entirely on animal flesh to obtain their nutrients; examples of obligate carnivores are members of the cat family, such as lions and cheetahs. Facultative carnivores are those that also eat non-animal food in addition to animal food. Note that there is no clear line that differentiates facultative carnivores from omnivores; dogs would be considered facultative carnivores.

Left photo shows a male lion on the grass; right photo shows an ambush bug on a goldenrod flower
Carnivores like the (a) lion eat primarily meat. The (b) ambush bug is also a carnivore that consumes small insects such as flies. (credit a: modification of work by Kevin Pluck; credit b: David A. Rintoul)

Omnivores are animals that eat both plant- and animal-derived food. In Latin, omnivore means to eat everything. Humans, bears (shown in [link] a ), and chickens are example of vertebrate omnivores; invertebrate omnivores include cockroaches and crayfish (shown in [link] b ).

Top photo shows a bear. Bottom photo shows a crayfish.
Omnivores like the (a) bear and (b) crayfish eat both plant and animal based food. (credit a: modification of work by Dave Menke; credit b: modification of work by Jon Sullivan)

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Source:  OpenStax, Principles of biology. OpenStax CNX. Aug 09, 2016 Download for free at http://legacy.cnx.org/content/col11569/1.25
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