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Hình 4.3. Biểu diễn “thời gian chết nhiệt” của vi sinh vật

- F : thời gian cần thiết (tính bằng phút) để tiêu diệt vi sinh vật, tại một nhiệt độ nhất định.

- z : khoảng nhiệt độ cần thiết cho đường “thời gian chết nhiệt” thực hiện một chu trình logarite (Đối với mỗi loại vi sinh vật và thực phẩm khác nhau, có giá trị D và z khác nhau)

Bảng 4.2. sự kháng nhiệt của vi sinh vật trong quá trình xử lý nhiệt

Nhóm vi khuẩn D (phút) z (OC)
Sản phẩm không chua và ít chua(pH>4,5)- Vi khuẩn chịu nhiệt (bào tử) - Vi khuẩn không chịu nhiệt (bào tử) 2,0 - 5,0 (1)0,1 - 1,5 (1) 8 - 128 - 10
Sản phẩm chua (pH 4,0 - 4,5)- Vi khuẩn chịu nhiệt (bào tử)- Vi khuẩn không chịu nhiệt (bào tử) 0,01 - 0,07 (1)0,1 - 0,5 (2) 8 - 107 - 10
Sản phẩm rất chua (pH<4,0)Vi sinh vật không chịu nhiệt (vi khuẩn không sinh bào tử, nấm men, nấm mốc) 0,5 - 1,0 (3) 5 - 7

(Carla,1992)

Ghi chú (1): xử lý ở 121,1OC

(2): xử lý ở 100OC

(3): xử lý ở 65OC

Bảng 4.3. Sự vô hoạt vi sinh vật (bào tử) trong quá trình tiệt tùng

Loài vi sinh vật(type of microorganism)môi trường(medium)z-value (oc)d121,1 (min)bacillus stearothermophilusgeneral7,6-10,31,8-4,7bacillus subtilis 5230general7,4-130,3-0,76bacillus coagulanssolution8,2-9,00,2-2,5bacillus cereusgeneral9,70,0065bacillus megateriumgeneral8,80,04clostridium perfringensgeneral10,0/clostridium sporogenesgeneral8,0-12,00,48-1,4clostridium botulinumgeneral9,90,21(carla.1992)

Bảng 4.4. Sự vô hoạt vi sinh vật (Tế bào sinh dưỡng) trong quá trình thanh trùng

Loài vi sinh vật(type of microorganism)môi trường(medium)z-value (oc)dt (min)escherichia coli/4,94,5 (56oc)pseudomonas fluoresens/7,53,2 (60oc)streptococcus faecalisfish6,715,7 (60oc)staphylococcus aureuspea soup4,610,4 (60oc)salmonella senftenbergpea soup5,710,6 (60oc)lactobacillus plantarumtomato soup12,511,0 (70oc)listeria monocytogenescarrots6,70,27 (70oc)closstridium botulinumnon-proteolytic type bnon-proteolytic type ebuffer ph 7,0water9,79,432,3 (82oc)3,3 (80oc)bacillus cereusbuffer ph 7,010,58,0 (100oc)bacillus subtilisbuffer ph 6,89,80,57 (121oc)(carla.1992)

Bảng 4.5. sự kháng nhiệt của các enzyme trong quá trình xử lý nhiệt

Enzyme D (phút) z (OC)
PeroxydasePolygalacturonaseO-diphenoloxydaseLipoxygenaseCatalaseLipaseProtease 232 (1)20 (1)0,82 (1)0,09 (1)0,02 (1)25 (2)300 (2) 286,85,58,58,32628

(Carla.1992)

Ghi chú (1): xử lý ở 80OC

(2): xử lý ở 120OC

Bảng 4.6. Giá trị Z đối với sự vô hoạt enzyme và các nhân tố chất lượng của một số thực phẩm

ENZYME GÍA TRỊ Z (oC)
Lipoxygenase (peas) 8,7
Lipoxygenase (soybean) 6,9
Polyphenoloxidase (mushroom) 6,5
Polyphenoloxidase (plum) 17,6
Chlorophyllase (spinach) 12,2
Peroxidase (potato) 35,0
NHÂN TỐ CHẤT LƯỢNG
Thiamine (milk) 29,4 – 31,4
Thiamine (meat, vegetables) 25,0 – 31,3
Chất lượng chung (peas) 28,3
Chất lượng chung (green beans) 28,8
Chất lượng chung (bắp) 31,6

(Carla.1992)

Bảng 4.7. Gía trị Z của các nhân tố thực phẩm (tổng quát)

NHÂN TỐ GÍA TRỊ Z (oC)
Bào tử vi khuẩn 7 –12
Tế bào sinh dưỡng 4 – 8
Vitamins 25 – 30
Proteins 15 – 37
Enzymes 5 – 50
Chất lượng cảm quan chung 25 – 45
Cấu trúc 17 – 47
Màu sắc 17 - 57

(Carla.1992)

Theo hình 4.3, ta có thể viết:

Questions & Answers

Three charges q_{1}=+3\mu C, q_{2}=+6\mu C and q_{3}=+8\mu C are located at (2,0)m (0,0)m and (0,3) coordinates respectively. Find the magnitude and direction acted upon q_{2} by the two other charges.Draw the correct graphical illustration of the problem above showing the direction of all forces.
Kate Reply
To solve this problem, we need to first find the net force acting on charge q_{2}. The magnitude of the force exerted by q_{1} on q_{2} is given by F=\frac{kq_{1}q_{2}}{r^{2}} where k is the Coulomb constant, q_{1} and q_{2} are the charges of the particles, and r is the distance between them.
Muhammed
What is the direction and net electric force on q_{1}= 5µC located at (0,4)r due to charges q_{2}=7mu located at (0,0)m and q_{3}=3\mu C located at (4,0)m?
Kate Reply
what is the change in momentum of a body?
Eunice Reply
what is a capacitor?
Raymond Reply
Capacitor is a separation of opposite charges using an insulator of very small dimension between them. Capacitor is used for allowing an AC (alternating current) to pass while a DC (direct current) is blocked.
Gautam
A motor travelling at 72km/m on sighting a stop sign applying the breaks such that under constant deaccelerate in the meters of 50 metres what is the magnitude of the accelerate
Maria Reply
please solve
Sharon
8m/s²
Aishat
What is Thermodynamics
Muordit
velocity can be 72 km/h in question. 72 km/h=20 m/s, v^2=2.a.x , 20^2=2.a.50, a=4 m/s^2.
Mehmet
A boat travels due east at a speed of 40meter per seconds across a river flowing due south at 30meter per seconds. what is the resultant speed of the boat
Saheed Reply
50 m/s due south east
Someone
which has a higher temperature, 1cup of boiling water or 1teapot of boiling water which can transfer more heat 1cup of boiling water or 1 teapot of boiling water explain your . answer
Ramon Reply
I believe temperature being an intensive property does not change for any amount of boiling water whereas heat being an extensive property changes with amount/size of the system.
Someone
Scratch that
Someone
temperature for any amount of water to boil at ntp is 100⁰C (it is a state function and and intensive property) and it depends both will give same amount of heat because the surface available for heat transfer is greater in case of the kettle as well as the heat stored in it but if you talk.....
Someone
about the amount of heat stored in the system then in that case since the mass of water in the kettle is greater so more energy is required to raise the temperature b/c more molecules of water are present in the kettle
Someone
definitely of physics
Haryormhidey Reply
how many start and codon
Esrael Reply
what is field
Felix Reply
physics, biology and chemistry this is my Field
ALIYU
field is a region of space under the influence of some physical properties
Collete
what is ogarnic chemistry
WISDOM Reply
determine the slope giving that 3y+ 2x-14=0
WISDOM
Another formula for Acceleration
Belty Reply
a=v/t. a=f/m a
IHUMA
innocent
Adah
pratica A on solution of hydro chloric acid,B is a solution containing 0.5000 mole ofsodium chlorid per dm³,put A in the burret and titrate 20.00 or 25.00cm³ portion of B using melting orange as the indicator. record the deside of your burret tabulate the burret reading and calculate the average volume of acid used?
Nassze Reply
how do lnternal energy measures
Esrael
Two bodies attract each other electrically. Do they both have to be charged? Answer the same question if the bodies repel one another.
JALLAH Reply
No. According to Isac Newtons law. this two bodies maybe you and the wall beside you. Attracting depends on the mass och each body and distance between them.
Dlovan
Are you really asking if two bodies have to be charged to be influenced by Coulombs Law?
Robert
like charges repel while unlike charges atttact
Raymond
What is specific heat capacity
Destiny Reply
Specific heat capacity is a measure of the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of a substance by one degree Celsius (or Kelvin). It is measured in Joules per kilogram per degree Celsius (J/kg°C).
AI-Robot
specific heat capacity is the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of a substance by one degree Celsius or kelvin
ROKEEB
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Source:  OpenStax, Giáo trình hóa học polyme. OpenStax CNX. Jul 30, 2009 Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col10817/1.1
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