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x = 4 3 t , y = −2 + 6 t

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x = −5 t + 7 , y = 3 t 1

−3 5

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For the following exercises, determine the slope of the tangent line, then find the equation of the tangent line at the given value of the parameter.

x = 3 sin t , y = 3 cos t , t = π 4

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x = cos t , y = 8 sin t , t = π 2

Slope = 0 ; y = 8 .

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x = 2 t , y = t 3 , t = −1

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x = t + 1 t , y = t 1 t , t = 1

Slope is undefined; x = 2 .

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For the following exercises, find all points on the curve that have the given slope.

x = 4 cos t , y = 4 sin t , slope = 0.5

t = arctan ( −2 ) ; ( 4 5 , −8 5 ) .

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x = 2 cos t , y = 8 sin t , slope = −1

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x = t + 1 t , y = t 1 t , slope = 1

No points possible; undefined expression.

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x = 2 + t , y = 2 4 t , slope = 0

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For the following exercises, write the equation of the tangent line in Cartesian coordinates for the given parameter t .

x = e t , y = 1 ln t 2 , t = 1

y = ( 2 e ) x + 3

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x = t ln t , y = sin 2 t , t = π 4

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x = e t , y = ( t 1 ) 2 , at ( 1 , 1 )

y = 2 x 7

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For x = sin ( 2 t ) , y = 2 sin t where 0 t < 2 π . Find all values of t at which a horizontal tangent line exists.

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For x = sin ( 2 t ) , y = 2 sin t where 0 t < 2 π . Find all values of t at which a vertical tangent line exists.

π 4 , 5 π 4 , 3 π 4 , 7 π 4

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Find all points on the curve x = 4 cos ( t ) , y = 4 sin ( t ) that have the slope of 1 2 .

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Find d y d x for x = sin ( t ) , y = cos ( t ) .

d y d x = tan ( t )

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Find the equation of the tangent line to x = sin ( t ) , y = cos ( t ) at t = π 4 .

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For the curve x = 4 t , y = 3 t 2 , find the slope and concavity of the curve at t = 3 .

d y d x = 3 4 and d 2 y d x 2 = 0 , so the curve is neither concave up nor concave down at t = 3 . Therefore the graph is linear and has a constant slope but no concavity.

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For the parametric curve whose equation is x = 4 cos θ , y = 4 sin θ , find the slope and concavity of the curve at θ = π 4 .

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Find the slope and concavity for the curve whose equation is x = 2 + sec θ , y = 1 + 2 tan θ at θ = π 6 .

d y d x = 4 , d 2 y d x 2 = −6 3 ; the curve is concave down at θ = π 6 .

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Find all points on the curve x = t + 4 , y = t 3 3 t at which there are vertical and horizontal tangents.

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Find all points on the curve x = sec θ , y = tan θ at which horizontal and vertical tangents exist.

No horizontal tangents. Vertical tangents at ( 1 , 0 ) , ( −1 , 0 ) .

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For the following exercises, find d 2 y / d x 2 .

x = t 4 1 , y = t t 2

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x = sin ( π t ) , y = cos ( π t )

sec 3 ( π t )

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x = e t , y = t e 2 t

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For the following exercises, find points on the curve at which tangent line is horizontal or vertical.

x = t ( t 2 3 ) , y = 3 ( t 2 3 )

Horizontal ( 0 , −9 ) ; vertical ( ± 2 , −6 ) .

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x = 3 t 1 + t 3 , y = 3 t 2 1 + t 3

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For the following exercises, find d y / d x at the value of the parameter.

x = cos t , y = sin t , t = 3 π 4

1

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x = t , y = 2 t + 4 , t = 9

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x = 4 cos ( 2 π s ) , y = 3 sin ( 2 π s ) , s = 1 4

0

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For the following exercises, find d 2 y / d x 2 at the given point without eliminating the parameter.

x = 1 2 t 2 , y = 1 3 t 3 , t = 2

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x = t , y = 2 t + 4 , t = 1

4

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Find t intervals on which the curve x = 3 t 2 , y = t 3 t is concave up as well as concave down.

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Determine the concavity of the curve x = 2 t + ln t , y = 2 t ln t .

Concave up on t > 0 .

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Sketch and find the area under one arch of the cycloid x = r ( θ sin θ ) , y = r ( 1 cos θ ) .

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Find the area bounded by the curve x = cos t , y = e t , 0 t π 2 and the lines y = 1 and x = 0 .

1

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Find the area enclosed by the ellipse x = a cos θ , y = b sin θ , 0 θ < 2 π .

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Find the area of the region bounded by x = 2 sin 2 θ , y = 2 sin 2 θ tan θ , for 0 θ π 2 .

3 π 2

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For the following exercises, find the area of the regions bounded by the parametric curves and the indicated values of the parameter.

x = 2 cot θ , y = 2 sin 2 θ , 0 θ π

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[T] x = 2 a cos t a cos ( 2 t ) , y = 2 a sin t a sin ( 2 t ) , 0 t < 2 π

6 π a 2

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[T] x = a sin ( 2 t ) , y = b sin ( t ) , 0 t < 2 π (the “hourglass”)

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[T] x = 2 a cos t a sin ( 2 t ) , y = b sin t , 0 t < 2 π (the “teardrop”)

2 π a b

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For the following exercises, find the arc length of the curve on the indicated interval of the parameter.

x = 4 t + 3 , y = 3 t 2 , 0 t 2

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x = 1 3 t 3 , y = 1 2 t 2 , 0 t 1

1 3 ( 2 2 1 )

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x = cos ( 2 t ) , y = sin ( 2 t ) , 0 t π 2

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x = 1 + t 2 , y = ( 1 + t ) 3 , 0 t 1

7.075

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x = e t cos t , y = e t sin t , 0 t π 2 (express answer as a decimal rounded to three places)

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x = a cos 3 θ , y = a sin 3 θ on the interval [ 0 , 2 π ) (the hypocycloid)

6 a

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Find the length of one arch of the cycloid x = 4 ( t sin t ) , y = 4 ( 1 cos t ) .

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Find the distance traveled by a particle with position ( x , y ) as t varies in the given time interval: x = sin 2 t , y = cos 2 t , 0 t 3 π .

6 2

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Find the length of one arch of the cycloid x = θ sin θ , y = 1 cos θ .

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Show that the total length of the ellipse x = 4 sin θ , y = 3 cos θ is L = 16 0 π / 2 1 e 2 sin 2 θ d θ , where e = c a and c = a 2 b 2 .

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Find the length of the curve x = e t t , y = 4 e t / 2 , −8 t 3 .

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For the following exercises, find the area of the surface obtained by rotating the given curve about the x -axis.

x = t 3 , y = t 2 , 0 t 1

2 π ( 247 13 + 64 ) 1215

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x = a cos 3 θ , y = a sin 3 θ , 0 θ π 2

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[T] Use a CAS to find the area of the surface generated by rotating x = t + t 3 , y = t 1 t 2 , 1 t 2 about the x -axis. (Answer to three decimal places.)

59.101

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Find the surface area obtained by rotating x = 3 t 2 , y = 2 t 3 , 0 t 5 about the y -axis.

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Find the area of the surface generated by revolving x = t 2 , y = 2 t , 0 t 4 about the x -axis.

8 π 3 ( 17 17 1 )

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Find the surface area generated by revolving x = t 2 , y = 2 t 2 , 0 t 1 about the y -axis.

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Source:  OpenStax, Calculus volume 2. OpenStax CNX. Feb 05, 2016 Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11965/1.2
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