# 6.5 Divergence and curl  (Page 7/9)

 Page 7 / 9

## Key equations

• Curl
$\nabla \phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{F}=\left({R}_{y}-{Q}_{z}\right)\text{i}+\left({P}_{z}-{R}_{x}\right)\text{j}+\left({Q}_{x}-{P}_{y}\right)\text{k}$
• Divergence
$\nabla ·\text{F}={P}_{x}+{Q}_{y}+{R}_{z}$
• Divergence of curl is zero
$\nabla ·\left(\nabla \phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{F}\right)=0$
• Curl of a gradient is the zero vector
$\nabla \phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\left(\text{∇}f\right)=0$

For the following exercises, determine whether the statement is true or false .

If the coordinate functions of $\text{F}:{ℝ}^{3}\to {ℝ}^{3}$ have continuous second partial derivatives, then $\text{curl}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\left(\text{div}\left(\text{F}\right)\right)$ equals zero.

$\nabla ·\left(x\text{i}+y\text{j}+z\text{k}\right)=1.$

False

All vector fields of the form $\text{F}\left(x,y,z\right)=f\left(x\right)\text{i}+g\left(y\right)\text{j}+h\left(z\right)\text{k}$ are conservative.

If $\text{curl}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{F}=0,$ then F is conservative.

True

If F is a constant vector field then $\text{div}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{F}=0.$

If F is a constant vector field then $\text{curl}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{F}=0.$

True

For the following exercises, find the curl of F .

$\text{F}\left(x,y,z\right)=x{y}^{2}{z}^{4}\text{i}+\left(2{x}^{2}y+z\right)\text{j}+{y}^{3}{z}^{2}\text{k}$

$\text{F}\left(x,y,z\right)={x}^{2}z\text{i}+{y}^{2}x\text{j}+\left(y+2z\right)\text{k}$

$\text{curl}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{F}=\text{i}+{x}^{2}\text{j}+{y}^{2}\text{k}$

$\text{F}\left(x,y,z\right)=3xy{z}^{2}\text{i}+{y}^{2}\text{sin}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}z\text{j}+x{e}^{2z}\text{k}$

$\text{F}\left(x,y,z\right)={x}^{2}yz\text{i}+x{y}^{2}z\text{j}+xy{z}^{2}\text{k}$

$\text{curl}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{F}=\left(x{z}^{2}-x{y}^{2}\right)\text{i}+\left({x}^{2}y-y{z}^{2}\right)\text{j}+\left({y}^{2}z-{x}^{2}z\right)\text{k}$

$\text{F}\left(x,y,z\right)=\left(x\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{cos}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}y\right)\text{i}+x{y}^{2}\text{j}$

$\text{F}\left(x,y,z\right)=\left(x-y\right)\text{i}+\left(y-z\right)\text{j}+\left(z-x\right)\text{k}$

$\text{curl}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{F}=\text{i}+\text{j}+\text{k}$

$\text{F}\left(x,y,z\right)=xyz\text{i}+{x}^{2}{y}^{2}{z}^{2}\text{j}+{y}^{2}{z}^{3}\text{k}$

$\text{F}\left(x,y,z\right)=xy\text{i}+yz\text{j}+xz\text{k}$

$\text{curl}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{F}=\text{−}y\text{i}-z\text{j}-x\text{k}$

$\text{F}\left(x,y,z\right)={x}^{2}\text{i}+{y}^{2}\text{j}+{z}^{2}\text{k}$

$\text{F}\left(x,y,z\right)=ax\text{i}+by\text{j}+c\text{k}$ for constants a , b , c

$\text{curl}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{F}=0$

For the following exercises, find the divergence of F .

$\text{F}\left(x,y,z\right)={x}^{2}z\text{i}+{y}^{2}x\text{j}+\left(y+2z\right)\text{k}$

$\text{F}\left(x,y,z\right)=3xy{z}^{2}\text{i}+{y}^{2}\text{sin}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}z\text{j}+x{e}^{2z}\text{k}$

$\text{div}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{F}=3y{z}^{2}+2y\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{sin}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}z+2x{e}^{2z}$

$\text{F}\left(x,y\right)=\left(\text{sin}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}x\right)\text{i}+\left(\text{cos}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}y\right)\text{j}$

$\text{F}\left(x,y,z\right)={x}^{2}\text{i}+{y}^{2}\text{j}+{z}^{2}\text{k}$

$\text{div}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{F}=2\left(x+y+z\right)$

$\text{F}\left(x,y,z\right)=\left(x-y\right)\text{i}+\left(y-z\right)\text{j}+\left(z-x\right)\text{k}$

$\text{F}\left(x,y\right)=\frac{x}{\sqrt{{x}^{2}+{y}^{2}}}\text{i}+\frac{y}{\sqrt{{x}^{2}+{y}^{2}}}\text{j}$

$\text{div}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{F}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{{x}^{2}+{y}^{2}}}$

$\text{F}\left(x,y\right)=x\text{i}-y\text{j}$

$\text{F}\left(x,y,z\right)=ax\text{i}+by\text{j}+c\text{k}$ for constants a , b , c

$\text{div}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{F}=a+b$

$\text{F}\left(x,y,z\right)=xyz\text{i}+{x}^{2}{y}^{2}{z}^{2}\text{j}+{y}^{2}{z}^{3}\text{k}$

$\text{F}\left(x,y,z\right)=xy\text{i}+yz\text{j}+xz\text{k}$

$\text{div}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{F}=x+y+z$

For the following exercises, determine whether each of the given scalar functions is harmonic.

$u\left(x,y,z\right)={e}^{\text{−}x}\left(\text{cos}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}y-\text{sin}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}y\right)$

$w\left(x,y,z\right)={\left({x}^{2}+{y}^{2}+{z}^{2}\right)}^{\text{−}1\text{/}2}$

Harmonic

If $\text{F}\left(x,y,z\right)=2\text{i}+2x\text{j}+3y\text{k}$ and $\text{G}\left(x,y,z\right)=x\text{i}-y\text{j}+z\text{k},$ find $\text{curl}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\left(\text{F}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{G}\right).$

If $\text{F}\left(x,y,z\right)=2\text{i}+2x\text{j}+3y\text{k}$ and $\text{G}\left(x,y,z\right)=x\text{i}-y\text{j}+z\text{k},$ find $\text{div}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\left(\text{F}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{G}\right).$

$\text{div}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\left(\text{F}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{G}\right)=2z+3x$

Find $\text{div}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{F},$ given that $\text{F}=\text{∇}f,$ where $f\left(x,y,z\right)=x{y}^{3}{z}^{2}.$

Find the divergence of F for vector field $\text{F}\left(x,y,z\right)=\left({y}^{2}+{z}^{2}\right)\left(x+y\right)\text{i}+\left({z}^{2}+{x}^{2}\right)\left(y+z\right)\text{j}+\left({x}^{2}+{y}^{2}\right)\left(z+x\right)\text{k}.$

$\text{div}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{F}=2{r}^{2}$

Find the divergence of F for vector field $\text{F}\left(x,y,z\right)={f}_{1}\left(y,z\right)\text{i}+{f}_{2}\left(x,z\right)\text{j}+{f}_{3}\left(x,y\right)\text{k}.$

For the following exercises, use $r=|\text{r}|$ and $\text{r}=\left(x,y,z\right).$

Find the $\text{curl}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{r}.$

$\text{curl}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{r}=0$

Find the $\text{curl}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\frac{\text{r}}{r}.$

Find the $\text{curl}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\frac{\text{r}}{{r}^{3}}.$

$\text{curl}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\frac{\text{r}}{{r}^{3}}=0$

Let $\text{F}\left(x,y\right)=\frac{\text{−}y\text{i}+x\text{j}}{{x}^{2}+{y}^{2}},$ where F is defined on $\left\{\left(x,y\right)\in ℝ|\left(x,y\right)\ne \left(0,0\right)\right\}.$ Find $\text{curl}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{F}.$

For the following exercises, use a computer algebra system to find the curl of the given vector fields.

[T] $\text{F}\left(x,y,z\right)=\text{arctan}\left(\frac{x}{y}\right)\text{i}+\text{ln}\sqrt{{x}^{2}+{y}^{2}}\text{j}+\text{k}$

$\text{curl}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{F}=\frac{2x}{{x}^{2}+{y}^{2}}\text{k}$

[T] $\text{F}\left(x,y,z\right)=\text{sin}\left(x-y\right)\text{i}+\text{sin}\left(y-z\right)\text{j}+\text{sin}\left(z-x\right)\text{k}$

For the following exercises, find the divergence of F at the given point.

$\text{F}\left(x,y,z\right)=\text{i}+\text{j}+\text{k}$ at $\left(2,-1,3\right)$

$\text{div}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{F}=0$

$\text{F}\left(x,y,z\right)=xyz\text{i}+y\text{j}+z\text{k}$ at $\left(1,2,3\right)$

$\text{F}\left(x,y,z\right)={e}^{\text{−}xy}\text{i}+{e}^{xz}\text{j}+{e}^{yz}\text{k}$ at $\left(3,2,0\right)$

$\text{div}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{F}=2-2{e}^{-6}$

$\text{F}\left(x,y,z\right)=xyz\text{i}+y\text{j}+z\text{k}$ at (1, 2, 1)

$\text{F}\left(x,y,z\right)={e}^{x}\text{sin}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}y\text{i}-{e}^{x}\text{cos}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}y\text{j}$ at (0, 0, 3)

$\text{div}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{F}=0$

For the following exercises, find the curl of F at the given point.

$\text{F}\left(x,y,z\right)=\text{i}+\text{j}+\text{k}$ at $\left(2,-1,3\right)$

$\text{F}\left(x,y,z\right)=xyz\text{i}+y\text{j}+x\text{k}$ at $\left(1,2,3\right)$

$\text{curl}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{F}=\text{j}-3\text{k}$

$\text{F}\left(x,y,z\right)={e}^{\text{−}xy}\text{i}+{e}^{xz}\text{j}+{e}^{yz}\text{k}$ at (3, 2, 0)

$\text{F}\left(x,y,z\right)=xyz\text{i}+y\text{j}+z\text{k}$ at (1, 2, 1)

$\text{curl}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{F}=2\text{j}-\text{k}$

$\text{F}\left(x,y,z\right)={e}^{x}\text{sin}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}y\text{i}-{e}^{x}\text{cos}\phantom{\rule{0.1em}{0ex}}y\text{j}$ at (0, 0, 3)

Let $\text{F}\left(x,y,z\right)=\left(3{x}^{2}y+az\right)\text{i}+{x}^{3}\text{j}+\left(3x+3{z}^{2}\right)\text{k}.$ For what value of a is F conservative?

$a=3$

Given vector field $\text{F}\left(x,y\right)=\frac{1}{{x}^{2}+{y}^{2}}\left(\text{−}y,x\right)$ on domain $D=\frac{{ℝ}^{2}}{\left\{\left(0,0\right)\right\}}=\left\{\left(x,y\right)\in {ℝ}^{2}|\left(x,y\right)\ne \left(0,0\right)\right\},$ is F conservative?

Given vector field $\text{F}\left(x,y\right)=\frac{1}{{x}^{2}+{y}^{2}}\left(x,y\right)$ on domain $D=\frac{{ℝ}^{2}}{\left\{\left(0,0\right)\right\}},$ is F conservative?

F is conservative.

Find the work done by force field $\text{F}\left(x,y\right)={e}^{\text{−}y}\text{i}-x{e}^{\text{−}y}\text{j}$ in moving an object from P (0, 1) to Q (2, 0). Is the force field conservative?

Compute divergence $\text{F}=\left(\text{sinh}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}x\right)\text{i}+\left(\text{cosh}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}y\right)\text{j}-xyz\text{k}.$

$\text{div}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{F}=\text{cosh}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}x+\text{sinh}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}y-xy$

Compute curl $\text{F}=\left(\text{sinh}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}x\right)\text{i}+\left(\text{cosh}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}y\right)\text{j}-xyz\text{k}.$

For the following exercises, consider a rigid body that is rotating about the x -axis counterclockwise with constant angular velocity $\omega =⟨a,b,c⟩.$ If P is a point in the body located at $\text{r}=x\text{i}+y\text{j}+z\text{k}\text{,}$ the velocity at P is given by vector field $\text{F}=\omega \phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{r}.$

Express F in terms of i , j , and k vectors.

$\left(bz-cy\right)\text{i}\left(cx-az\right)\text{j}+\left(ay-bx\right)\text{k}$

Find $\text{div}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{F}.$

Find $\text{curl}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{F}$

$\text{curl}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{F}=2\omega$

In the following exercises, suppose that $\nabla ·\text{F}=0$ and $\nabla ·\text{G}=0.$

Does $\text{F}+\text{G}$ necessarily have zero divergence?

Does $\text{F}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{G}$ necessarily have zero divergence?

$\text{F}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}×\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\text{G}$ does not have zero divergence.

In the following exercises, suppose a solid object in ${ℝ}^{3}$ has a temperature distribution given by $T\left(x,y,z\right).$ The heat flow vector field in the object is $\text{F}=\text{−}k\text{∇}T,$ where $k>0$ is a property of the material. The heat flow vector points in the direction opposite to that of the gradient, which is the direction of greatest temperature decrease. The divergence of the heat flow vector is $\nabla ·\text{F}=\text{−}k\nabla ·\text{∇}T=\text{−}k{\nabla }^{2}T.$

Compute the heat flow vector field.

Compute the divergence.

$\nabla ·\text{F}=-200k\left[1+2\left({x}^{2}+{y}^{2}+{z}^{2}\right)\right]{e}^{\text{−}{x}^{2}+{y}^{2}+{z}^{2}}$

[T] Consider rotational velocity field $\text{v}=⟨0,10z,-10y⟩.$ If a paddlewheel is placed in plane $x+y+z=1$ with its axis normal to this plane, using a computer algebra system, calculate how fast the paddlewheel spins in revolutions per unit time.

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SUYASH
What is lattice structure?
of graphene you mean?
Ebrahim
or in general
Ebrahim
in general
s.
Graphene has a hexagonal structure
tahir
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Cied
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what's the easiest and fastest way to the synthesize AgNP?
China
Cied
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I start with an easy one. carbon nanotubes woven into a long filament like a string
Porter
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Porter
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Yasmin
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Cesar
I'm interested in nanotube
Uday
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Stotaw
In this morden time nanotechnology used in many field . 1-Electronics-manufacturad IC ,RAM,MRAM,solar panel etc 2-Helth and Medical-Nanomedicine,Drug Dilivery for cancer treatment etc 3- Atomobile -MEMS, Coating on car etc. and may other field for details you can check at Google
Azam
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Prasenjit
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Azam
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Prasenjit
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Damian
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Azam
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Uday
I'm interested in Nanotube
Uday
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Prasenjit
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At high concentrations (>0.01 M), the relation between absorptivity coefficient and absorbance is no longer linear. This is due to the electrostatic interactions between the quantum dots in close proximity. If the concentration of the solution is high, another effect that is seen is the scattering of light from the large number of quantum dots. This assumption only works at low concentrations of the analyte. Presence of stray light.
the Beer law works very well for dilute solutions but fails for very high concentrations. why?
how did you get the value of 2000N.What calculations are needed to arrive at it
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