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Structure of a long bone

Parts of a long bone

Epiphysis: The head of each end of a long bone covered with hyaline cartilage and consisting largely of spongy bone .

Diaphysis: Cylindrical shaft of a long bone composed of hard compact bone on the outside

Periosteum: The membrane of dense fibrous connective tissue which surrounds the outside surface of the shaft of a long bone. It has blood vessels which enables it to nourish the bone and repair injuries. It also provides a surface for the attachment of muscles, by means of tendons and ligaments.

Marrow cavity: This is filled with yellow marrow which consists largely of fat.

Endosteum: The delicate connective tissue layer lining the inside surface of compact bone.

Cancellous/spongy bone : Found in the epiphysis of long bones and contain red marrow.

Trabeculae: The struts in the network of irregular bony plates in the epiphysis of bones which transfer stresses from the epiphysis to the diaphysis which has a much thicker layer ofcompact bone and resists stress better.

Red bone marrow: Found in the spaces between the trabeculae in spongy bone. This is where the red blood cells are made at the rate of 2 -3 million per second. White blood celltypes are also produced here.

TYPES OF BONES

  • Long bones have a central shaft and two heads, one at each end. An example is the femur , which is the largest bone in the body.
  • Flat bones have two layers of compact bone covering a layer of spongy bone on the inside, for example the shoulder blades .
  • Irregular bones and short bones have a thin layer of compact bone covering spongy bone on the inside, for example vertebrae of the spine and the small bones in the hands and feet.

Practical investigation

Experiment A:

Aim: To investigate the role of the inorganic and organic components of bone

Apparatus: Exp A.: 2 small chicken bones

2 test tubes

Dilute hydrochloric acid

Towel

Method:

  1. Label 2 test tubes with your initials and A and B. Put a bone in each tube.

2.Cover Bone A with water and Bone B with dilute hydrochloric acid. Leave for a few days. The acid will dissolve out the mineral component of the bone leavingbehind the organic part

3.Take out Bone A and dry it.

4.Use tweezers to take Bone B out of the acid. Rinse it under the tap and dry it.

5.Compare the two bones and not down how they appear and whether they are soft or hard, flexible or brittle

Experiment B

Apparatus: 1 small chicken bone

Pipe clay triangle or wire gauze on a tripod stand

Bunsen burner or Methylated spirits burner

Method:

1. Place the chicken bone (Bone C) on a pipe triangle or wire gauze on a tripod stand

2.Roast the bone strongly for 10 minutes. Roasting will burn off the organic component of bone ( mainly the protein collagen) leaving behind the mineralpart

3.Allow the bone to cool down completely before you touch it.

4.Describe the appearance of Bone C stating whether it is soft or hard, flexible or brittle

Questions

1.What are the main inorganic components of bone?

2.What changes have occurred in Bone A?

3.What properties have been removed from the bone with the loss of it inorganic components?

4.Which deficiency disease can give similar results on bones in children?

5.What is the role of Bone B in this experiment?

6.What protein makes up the main organic component of bone?

7. What changes took place in Bone C during the roasting process?

8. What properties have been removed from Bone C with the loss of its organic component?

Questions & Answers

A golfer on a fairway is 70 m away from the green, which sits below the level of the fairway by 20 m. If the golfer hits the ball at an angle of 40° with an initial speed of 20 m/s, how close to the green does she come?
Aislinn Reply
cm
tijani
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John Reply
what is physics
Siyaka Reply
A mouse of mass 200 g falls 100 m down a vertical mine shaft and lands at the bottom with a speed of 8.0 m/s. During its fall, how much work is done on the mouse by air resistance
Jude Reply
Can you compute that for me. Ty
Jude
what is the dimension formula of energy?
David Reply
what is viscosity?
David
what is inorganic
emma Reply
what is chemistry
Youesf Reply
what is inorganic
emma
Chemistry is a branch of science that deals with the study of matter,it composition,it structure and the changes it undergoes
Adjei
please, I'm a physics student and I need help in physics
Adjanou
chemistry could also be understood like the sexual attraction/repulsion of the male and female elements. the reaction varies depending on the energy differences of each given gender. + masculine -female.
Pedro
A ball is thrown straight up.it passes a 2.0m high window 7.50 m off the ground on it path up and takes 1.30 s to go past the window.what was the ball initial velocity
Krampah Reply
2. A sled plus passenger with total mass 50 kg is pulled 20 m across the snow (0.20) at constant velocity by a force directed 25° above the horizontal. Calculate (a) the work of the applied force, (b) the work of friction, and (c) the total work.
Sahid Reply
you have been hired as an espert witness in a court case involving an automobile accident. the accident involved car A of mass 1500kg which crashed into stationary car B of mass 1100kg. the driver of car A applied his brakes 15 m before he skidded and crashed into car B. after the collision, car A s
Samuel Reply
can someone explain to me, an ignorant high school student, why the trend of the graph doesn't follow the fact that the higher frequency a sound wave is, the more power it is, hence, making me think the phons output would follow this general trend?
Joseph Reply
Nevermind i just realied that the graph is the phons output for a person with normal hearing and not just the phons output of the sound waves power, I should read the entire thing next time
Joseph
Follow up question, does anyone know where I can find a graph that accuretly depicts the actual relative "power" output of sound over its frequency instead of just humans hearing
Joseph
"Generation of electrical energy from sound energy | IEEE Conference Publication | IEEE Xplore" ***ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7150687?reload=true
Ryan
what's motion
Maurice Reply
what are the types of wave
Maurice
answer
Magreth
progressive wave
Magreth
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Muhammad Reply
fine, how about you?
Mohammed
hi
Mujahid
A string is 3.00 m long with a mass of 5.00 g. The string is held taut with a tension of 500.00 N applied to the string. A pulse is sent down the string. How long does it take the pulse to travel the 3.00 m of the string?
yasuo Reply
Who can show me the full solution in this problem?
Reofrir Reply
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Source:  OpenStax, Siyavula: life sciences grade 10. OpenStax CNX. Apr 11, 2012 Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11410/1.3
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