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A swaggering kind of male superiority, certainly one that involved physical violence or brutality, was not condoned in marriage by Baptists, but even smug self-centeredness came under attack in the mid-1890s. J. B. Cranfill printed an article in the Baptist Standard in 1897 written anonymously

by a wife
who thought
the wife's cause should find a champion."
She felt that society had erroneously placed too much emphasis on the family's seeing that the husband/father was properly cared for.
What reasons have you husbands. . .for claiming the continuance of your wives' affections? What have you done, what are you doing, to merit it?
She wanted the same sympathy for her work, the same attention and affection from her husband that she was taught she owed him.

BS , May 20, 1897, p. 10.

Male church leaders also voiced disappointment in men who carried their God-given rights to an extreme, especially when they used women's sacrifices for nothing but personal gain. The problems with marriage did not stem from women neglecting their role or pressing for more than they deserved, J. B. Gambrell wrote, but from men who had become solely

money makers.
He expressed nothing but disdain for such men, completely absorbed in
the commercial spirit,
in clubs and social demands that kept them away from home. Their habits were

more like stray curs than respectable men. They prowl around all the public places of a city like dogs hunting for something to eat, and at late hours go back to what ought to be home simply to sleep. And these are the gentry who are competent to instruct women how to keep in their sphere.

BS , February 28, 1895, p. 1.

In the face of men's failure, Gambrell thought women had a right to take over their responsibilities in the family, particularly the training of the children. But he deplored the loss of mutual concern for marriage, children, and the home. He affirmed the traditional order of man as head of the family, but man should hold the position not for privilege, but

for the good of his loved ones and for the order of society.
Ibid.

Changes in the institution of marriage and the separation of males' and females' spheres of interest only increased in the new century. To counteract the negative effect they felt the decline of the home would have on religion and society at large and to grasp at a familiar source of comfort and stability, Baptists increased their teaching on God's plan for family living. Central to that model was the influential wife/mother who "made" the home and integrated its members' common life. Presiding as

queen
over
the foundation of morality, the chief educational institution and fostering place for religion. . .where the race is made and the future decided,

BS , March 30, 1916, p. 6.

a woman had more than a career, she had "a life." She sacrificed public acclaim and economic gain, but she was told she should feel satisfied with the knowledge that through her influence on her husband and her children, she shaped the world. She was the
little panting tugboat, with arms of steel and heart of fire, carrying the great steamer up against the tide.

BS , December 24, 1914, p. 6.

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Source:  OpenStax, Patricia martin thesis. OpenStax CNX. Sep 23, 2013 Download for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11572/1.2
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