# 4.8 Combinatorial algorithms  (Page 2/2)

 Page 2 / 2

## The count-min sketch

Define $H$ as the set of all discrete-valued functions $h:\left\{1,...,N\right\}\to \left\{1,...,m\right\}$ . Note that $H$ is a finite set of size ${m}^{N}$ . Each function $h\in H$ can be specified by a binary characteristic matrix $\phi \left(h\right)$ of size $m×N$ , with each column being a binary vector with exactly one 1 at the location $j$ , where $j=h\left(i\right)$ . To construct the overall sampling matrix $\Phi$ , we choose $d$ functions ${h}_{1},...,{h}_{d}$ independently from the uniform distribution defined on $H$ , and vertically concatenate their characteristic matrices. Thus, if $M=md$ , $\Phi$ is a binary matrix of size $M×N$ with each column containing exactly $d$ ones.

Now given any signal $x$ , we acquire linear measurements $y=\Phi x$ . It is easy to visualize the measurements via the following two properties. First, the coefficients of the measurement vector $y$ are naturally grouped according to the “mother” binary functions $\left\{{h}_{1},...,{h}_{d}\right\}$ . Second, consider the ${i}^{\mathrm{t}h}$ coefficient of the measurement vector $y$ , which corresponds to the mother binary function $h$ . Then, the expression for ${y}_{i}$ is simply given by:

${y}_{i}=\sum _{j:h\left(j\right)=i}{x}_{j}.$

In other words, for a fixed signal coefficient index $j$ , each measurement ${y}_{i}$ as expressed above consists of an observation of ${x}_{j}$ corrupted by other signal coefficients mapped to the same $i$ by the function $h$ . Signal recovery essentially consists of estimating the signal values from these “corrupted" observations.

The count-min algorithm is useful in the special case where the entries of the original signal are positive. Given measurements $y$ using the sampling matrix $\Phi$ as constructed above, the estimate of the ${j}^{\mathrm{th}}$ signal entry is given by:

${\stackrel{^}{x}}_{j}=\underset{l}{min}{y}_{i}:{h}_{l}\left(j\right)=i.$

Intuitively, this means that the estimate of ${x}_{j}$ is formed by simply looking at all measurements that comprise of ${x}_{j}$ corrupted by other signal values, and picking the one with the lowest magnitude. Despite the simplicity of this algorithm, it is accompanied by an arguably powerful instance-optimality guarantee: if $d=ClogN$ and $m=4/\alpha K$ , then with high probability, the recovered signal $\stackrel{^}{x}$ satisfies:

$\parallel x-\stackrel{^}{x}{\parallel }_{\infty }\le \alpha /K·{\parallel x-{x}^{*}\parallel }_{1},$

where ${x}^{*}$ represents the best $K$ -term approximation of $x$ in the ${\ell }_{1}$ sense.

## The count-median sketch

For the general setting when the coefficients of the original signal could be either positive or negative, a similar algorithm known as count-median can be used. Instead of picking the minimum of the measurements, we compute the median of all those measurements that are comprised of a corrupted version of ${x}_{j}$ and declare it as the signal coefficient estimate, i.e.,

${\stackrel{^}{x}}_{j}=\underset{l}{median}\phantom{\rule{3.33333pt}{0ex}}{y}_{i}:{h}_{l}\left(j\right)=i.$

The recovery guarantees for count-median are similar to that for count-min, with a different value of the failure probability constant. An important feature of both count-min and count-median is that they require that the measurements be perfectly noiseless , in contrast to optimization/greedy algorithms which can tolerate small amounts of measurement noise.

## Summary

Although we ultimately wish to recover a sparse signal from a small number of linear measurements in both of these settings, there are some important differences between such settings and the compressive sensing setting studied in this course . First, in these settings it is natural to assume that the designer of the reconstruction algorithm also has full control over $\Phi$ , and is thus free to choose $\Phi$ in a manner that reduces the amount of computation required to perform recovery. For example, it is often useful to design $\Phi$ so that it has few nonzeros, i.e., the sensing matrix itself is also sparse  [link] , [link] , [link] . In general, most methods involve careful construction of the sensing matrix $\Phi$ , which is in contrast with the optimization and greedy methods that work with any matrix satisfying a generic condition such as the restricted isometry property . This additional degree of freedom can lead to significantly faster algorithms  [link] , [link] , [link] , [link] .

Second, note that the computational complexity of all the convex methods and greedy algorithms described above is always at least linear in $N$ , since in order to recover $x$ we must at least incur the computational cost of reading out all $N$ entries of $x$ . This may be acceptable in many typical compressive sensing applications, but this becomes impractical when $N$ is extremely large, as in the network monitoring example. In this context, one may seek to develop algorithms whose complexity is linear only in the length of the representation of the signal, i.e., its sparsity $K$ . In this case the algorithm does not return a complete reconstruction of $x$ but instead returns only its $K$ largest elements (and their indices). As surprising as it may seem, such algorithms are indeed possible. See  [link] , [link] for examples.

can someone help me with some logarithmic and exponential equations.
20/(×-6^2)
Salomon
okay, so you have 6 raised to the power of 2. what is that part of your answer
I don't understand what the A with approx sign and the boxed x mean
it think it's written 20/(X-6)^2 so it's 20 divided by X-6 squared
Salomon
I'm not sure why it wrote it the other way
Salomon
I got X =-6
Salomon
ok. so take the square root of both sides, now you have plus or minus the square root of 20= x-6
oops. ignore that.
so you not have an equal sign anywhere in the original equation?
Commplementary angles
hello
Sherica
im all ears I need to learn
Sherica
right! what he said ⤴⤴⤴
Tamia
what is a good calculator for all algebra; would a Casio fx 260 work with all algebra equations? please name the cheapest, thanks.
a perfect square v²+2v+_
kkk nice
algebra 2 Inequalities:If equation 2 = 0 it is an open set?
or infinite solutions?
Kim
The answer is neither. The function, 2 = 0 cannot exist. Hence, the function is undefined.
Al
y=10×
if |A| not equal to 0 and order of A is n prove that adj (adj A = |A|
rolling four fair dice and getting an even number an all four dice
Kristine 2*2*2=8
Differences Between Laspeyres and Paasche Indices
No. 7x -4y is simplified from 4x + (3y + 3x) -7y
is it 3×y ?
J, combine like terms 7x-4y
im not good at math so would this help me
yes
Asali
I'm not good at math so would you help me
Samantha
what is the problem that i will help you to self with?
Asali
how do you translate this in Algebraic Expressions
Need to simplify the expresin. 3/7 (x+y)-1/7 (x-1)=
. After 3 months on a diet, Lisa had lost 12% of her original weight. She lost 21 pounds. What was Lisa's original weight?
what's the easiest and fastest way to the synthesize AgNP?
China
Cied
types of nano material
I start with an easy one. carbon nanotubes woven into a long filament like a string
Porter
many many of nanotubes
Porter
what is the k.e before it land
Yasmin
what is the function of carbon nanotubes?
Cesar
what is nanomaterials​ and their applications of sensors.
what is nano technology
what is system testing?
preparation of nanomaterial
Yes, Nanotechnology has a very fast field of applications and their is always something new to do with it...
what is system testing
what is the application of nanotechnology?
Stotaw
In this morden time nanotechnology used in many field . 1-Electronics-manufacturad IC ,RAM,MRAM,solar panel etc 2-Helth and Medical-Nanomedicine,Drug Dilivery for cancer treatment etc 3- Atomobile -MEMS, Coating on car etc. and may other field for details you can check at Google
Azam
anybody can imagine what will be happen after 100 years from now in nano tech world
Prasenjit
after 100 year this will be not nanotechnology maybe this technology name will be change . maybe aftet 100 year . we work on electron lable practically about its properties and behaviour by the different instruments
Azam
name doesn't matter , whatever it will be change... I'm taking about effect on circumstances of the microscopic world
Prasenjit
how hard could it be to apply nanotechnology against viral infections such HIV or Ebola?
Damian
silver nanoparticles could handle the job?
Damian
not now but maybe in future only AgNP maybe any other nanomaterials
Azam
can nanotechnology change the direction of the face of the world
At high concentrations (>0.01 M), the relation between absorptivity coefficient and absorbance is no longer linear. This is due to the electrostatic interactions between the quantum dots in close proximity. If the concentration of the solution is high, another effect that is seen is the scattering of light from the large number of quantum dots. This assumption only works at low concentrations of the analyte. Presence of stray light.
the Beer law works very well for dilute solutions but fails for very high concentrations. why?
how did you get the value of 2000N.What calculations are needed to arrive at it
Privacy Information Security Software Version 1.1a
Good
why its coecients must have a power-law rate of decay with q > 1/p. ?