# 4.3 Logarithmic functions  (Page 6/9)

 Page 6 / 9

${\mathrm{log}}_{15}\left(a\right)=b$

${15}^{b}=a$

${\mathrm{log}}_{y}\left(137\right)=x$

${\mathrm{log}}_{13}\left(142\right)=a$

${13}^{a}=142$

$\text{log}\left(v\right)=t$

$\text{ln}\left(w\right)=n$

${e}^{n}=w$

For the following exercises, rewrite each equation in logarithmic form.

${4}^{x}=y$

${c}^{d}=k$

${\text{log}}_{c}\left(k\right)=d$

${m}^{-7}=n$

${19}^{x}=y$

${\mathrm{log}}_{19}y=x$

${x}^{-\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\frac{10}{13}}=y$

${n}^{4}=103$

${\mathrm{log}}_{n}\left(103\right)=4$

${\left(\frac{7}{5}\right)}^{m}=n$

${y}^{x}=\frac{39}{100}$

${\mathrm{log}}_{y}\left(\frac{39}{100}\right)=x$

${10}^{a}=b$

${e}^{k}=h$

$\text{ln}\left(h\right)=k$

For the following exercises, solve for $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}x\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ by converting the logarithmic equation to exponential form.

${\text{log}}_{3}\left(x\right)=2$

${\text{log}}_{2}\left(x\right)=-3$

$x={2}^{-3}=\frac{1}{8}$

${\text{log}}_{5}\left(x\right)=2$

${\mathrm{log}}_{3}\left(x\right)=3$

$x={3}^{3}=27$

${\text{log}}_{2}\left(x\right)=6$

${\text{log}}_{9}\left(x\right)=\frac{1}{2}$

$x={9}^{\frac{1}{2}}=3$

${\text{log}}_{18}\left(x\right)=2$

${\mathrm{log}}_{6}\left(x\right)=-3$

$x={6}^{-3}=\frac{1}{216}$

$\text{log}\left(x\right)=3$

$\text{ln}\left(x\right)=2$

$x={e}^{2}$

For the following exercises, use the definition of common and natural logarithms to simplify.

$\text{log}\left({100}^{8}\right)$

${10}^{\text{log}\left(32\right)}$

$32$

$2\text{log}\left(.0001\right)$

${e}^{\mathrm{ln}\left(1.06\right)}$

$1.06$

$\mathrm{ln}\left({e}^{-5.03}\right)$

${e}^{\mathrm{ln}\left(10.125\right)}+4$

$14.125$

## Numeric

For the following exercises, evaluate the base $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}b\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ logarithmic expression without using a calculator.

${\text{log}}_{3}\left(\frac{1}{27}\right)$

${\text{log}}_{6}\left(\sqrt{6}\right)$

$\frac{1}{2}$

${\text{log}}_{2}\left(\frac{1}{8}\right)+4$

$6{\text{log}}_{8}\left(4\right)$

$4$

For the following exercises, evaluate the common logarithmic expression without using a calculator.

$\text{log}\left(10,000\right)$

$\text{log}\left(0.001\right)$

$-\text{3}$

$\text{log}\left(1\right)+7$

$2\text{log}\left({100}^{-3}\right)$

$-12$

For the following exercises, evaluate the natural logarithmic expression without using a calculator.

$\text{ln}\left({e}^{\frac{1}{3}}\right)$

$\text{ln}\left(1\right)$

$0$

$\text{ln}\left({e}^{-0.225}\right)-3$

$25\text{ln}\left({e}^{\frac{2}{5}}\right)$

$10$

## Technology

For the following exercises, evaluate each expression using a calculator. Round to the nearest thousandth.

$\text{log}\left(0.04\right)$

$\text{ln}\left(15\right)$

$\text{2}.\text{7}0\text{8}$

$\text{ln}\left(\frac{4}{5}\right)$

$\text{log}\left(\sqrt{2}\right)$

$0.151$

$\text{ln}\left(\sqrt{2}\right)$

## Extensions

Is $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}x=0\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ in the domain of the function $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}f\left(x\right)=\mathrm{log}\left(x\right)?\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ If so, what is the value of the function when $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}x=0?\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ Verify the result.

No, the function has no defined value for $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}x=0.\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ To verify, suppose $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}x=0\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ is in the domain of the function $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}f\left(x\right)=\mathrm{log}\left(x\right).\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ Then there is some number $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}n\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ such that $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}n=\mathrm{log}\left(0\right).\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ Rewriting as an exponential equation gives: $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}{10}^{n}=0,$ which is impossible since no such real number $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}n\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ exists. Therefore, $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}x=0\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ is not the domain of the function $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}f\left(x\right)=\mathrm{log}\left(x\right).$

Is $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}f\left(x\right)=0\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ in the range of the function $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}f\left(x\right)=\mathrm{log}\left(x\right)?\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ If so, for what value of $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}x?\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ Verify the result.

Is there a number $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}x\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ such that $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\mathrm{ln}x=2?\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ If so, what is that number? Verify the result.

Yes. Suppose there exists a real number $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}x\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ such that $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\mathrm{ln}x=2.\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ Rewriting as an exponential equation gives $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}x={e}^{2},$ which is a real number. To verify, let $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}x={e}^{2}.\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ Then, by definition, $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\mathrm{ln}\left(x\right)=\mathrm{ln}\left({e}^{2}\right)=2.$

Is the following true: $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\frac{{\mathrm{log}}_{3}\left(27\right)}{{\mathrm{log}}_{4}\left(\frac{1}{64}\right)}=-1?\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ Verify the result.

Is the following true: $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\frac{\mathrm{ln}\left({e}^{1.725}\right)}{\mathrm{ln}\left(1\right)}=1.725?\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ Verify the result.

No; $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\mathrm{ln}\left(1\right)=0,$ so $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\frac{\mathrm{ln}\left({e}^{1.725}\right)}{\mathrm{ln}\left(1\right)}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ is undefined.

## Real-world applications

The exposure index $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}EI\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ for a 35 millimeter camera is a measurement of the amount of light that hits the film. It is determined by the equation $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}EI={\mathrm{log}}_{2}\left(\frac{{f}^{2}}{t}\right),$ where $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}f\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ is the “f-stop” setting on the camera, and $t$ is the exposure time in seconds. Suppose the f-stop setting is $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}8\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ and the desired exposure time is $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}2\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ seconds. What will the resulting exposure index be?

Refer to the previous exercise. Suppose the light meter on a camera indicates an $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}EI\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ of $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}-2,$ and the desired exposure time is 16 seconds. What should the f-stop setting be?

$2$

The intensity levels I of two earthquakes measured on a seismograph can be compared by the formula $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}\mathrm{log}\frac{{I}_{1}}{{I}_{2}}={M}_{1}-{M}_{2}\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ where $\text{\hspace{0.17em}}M\text{\hspace{0.17em}}$ is the magnitude given by the Richter Scale. In August 2009, an earthquake of magnitude 6.1 hit Honshu, Japan. In March 2011, that same region experienced yet another, more devastating earthquake, this time with a magnitude of 9.0. http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/world/historical.php. Accessed 3/4/2014. How many times greater was the intensity of the 2011 earthquake? Round to the nearest whole number.

#### Questions & Answers

can I see the picture
Zairen Reply
How would you find if a radical function is one to one?
Peighton Reply
how to understand calculus?
Jenica Reply
with doing calculus
SLIMANE
Thanks po.
Jenica
Hey I am new to precalculus, and wanted clarification please on what sine is as I am floored by the terms in this app? I don't mean to sound stupid but I have only completed up to college algebra.
rachel Reply
I don't know if you are looking for a deeper answer or not, but the sine of an angle in a right triangle is the length of the opposite side to the angle in question divided by the length of the hypotenuse of said triangle.
Marco
can you give me sir tips to quickly understand precalculus. Im new too in that topic. Thanks
Jenica
if you remember sine, cosine, and tangent from geometry, all the relationships are the same but they use x y and r instead (x is adjacent, y is opposite, and r is hypotenuse).
Natalie
it is better to use unit circle than triangle .triangle is only used for acute angles but you can begin with. Download any application named"unit circle" you find in it all you need. unit circle is a circle centred at origine (0;0) with radius r= 1.
SLIMANE
What is domain
johnphilip
the standard equation of the ellipse that has vertices (0,-4)&(0,4) and foci (0, -15)&(0,15) it's standard equation is x^2 + y^2/16 =1 tell my why is it only x^2? why is there no a^2?
Reena Reply
what is foci?
Reena Reply
This term is plural for a focus, it is used for conic sections. For more detail or other math questions. I recommend researching on "Khan academy" or watching "The Organic Chemistry Tutor" YouTube channel.
Chris
how to determine the vertex,focus,directrix and axis of symmetry of the parabola by equations
Bryssen Reply
i want to sure my answer of the exercise
meena Reply
what is the diameter of(x-2)²+(y-3)²=25
Den Reply
how to solve the Identity ?
Barcenas Reply
what type of identity
Jeffrey
Confunction Identity
Barcenas
how to solve the sums
meena
hello guys
meena
For each year t, the population of a forest of trees is represented by the function A(t) = 117(1.029)t. In a neighboring forest, the population of the same type of tree is represented by the function B(t) = 86(1.025)t.
Shakeena Reply
by how many trees did forest "A" have a greater number?
Shakeena
32.243
Kenard
how solve standard form of polar
Rhudy Reply
what is a complex number used for?
Drew Reply
It's just like any other number. The important thing to know is that they exist and can be used in computations like any number.
Steve
I would like to add that they are used in AC signal analysis for one thing
Scott
Good call Scott. Also radar signals I believe.
Steve
They are used in any profession where the phase of a waveform has to be accounted for in the calculations. Imagine two electrical signals in a wire that are out of phase by 90°. At some times they will interfere constructively, others destructively. Complex numbers simplify those equations
Tim
Is there any rule we can use to get the nth term ?
Anwar Reply
how do you get the (1.4427)^t in the carp problem?
Gabrielle Reply

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