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Find the domain of the function h ( x , y , t ) = ( 3 t 6 ) y 4 x 2 + 4 .

domain ( h ) = { ( x , y , t ) 3 | y 4 x 2 4 }

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Functions of two variables have level curves, which are shown as curves in the x y -plane. However, when the function has three variables, the curves become surfaces, so we can define level surfaces for functions of three variables.

Definition

Given a function f ( x , y , z ) and a number c in the range of f , a level surface of a function of three variables    is defined to be the set of points satisfying the equation f ( x , y , z ) = c .

Finding a level surface

Find the level surface for the function f ( x , y , z ) = 4 x 2 + 9 y 2 z 2 corresponding to c = 1 .

The level surface is defined by the equation 4 x 2 + 9 y 2 z 2 = 1 . This equation describes a hyperboloid of one sheet as shown in the following figure.

This figure consists of four figures. The first is marked c = 0 and consists of a double cone (that is, two nappes) with their apex at the origin. The second is marked c = 1 and it looks remarkably similar to the first except that there is no apex at which the cones meet: instead, the two nappes are connected. Similarly, the next figure marked c = 2 has the two nappes connect, but this time their connection is larger (that is, the radius of their connection is greater). The final figure marked c = 3 also has the two nappes connect in an even larger fashion.
A hyperboloid of one sheet with some of its level surfaces.
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Find the equation of the level surface of the function

g ( x , y , z ) = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 2 x + 4 y 6 z

corresponding to c = 2 , and describe the surface, if possible.

( x 1 ) 2 + ( y + 2 ) 2 + ( z 3 ) 2 = 16 describes a sphere of radius 4 centered at the point ( 1 , −2 , 3 ) .

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Key concepts

  • The graph of a function of two variables is a surface in 3 and can be studied using level curves and vertical traces.
  • A set of level curves is called a contour map.

Key equations

  • Vertical trace
    f ( a , y ) = z for x = a or f ( x , b ) = z for y = b
  • Level surface of a function of three variables
    f ( x , y , z ) = c

For the following exercises, evaluate each function at the indicated values.

W ( x , y ) = 4 x 2 + y 2 . Find W ( 2 , −1 ) , W ( −3 , 6 ) .

17 , 72

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W ( x , y ) = 4 x 2 + y 2 . Find W ( 2 + h , 3 + h ) .

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The volume of a right circular cylinder is calculated by a function of two variables, V ( x , y ) = π x 2 y , where x is the radius of the right circular cylinder and y represents the height of the cylinder. Evaluate V ( 2 , 5 ) and explain what this means.

20 π . This is the volume when the radius is 2 and the height is 5 .

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An oxygen tank is constructed of a right cylinder of height y and radius x with two hemispheres of radius x mounted on the top and bottom of the cylinder. Express the volume of the cylinder as a function of two variables, x and y , find V ( 10 , 2 ) , and explain what this means.

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For the following exercises, find the domain of the function.

V ( x , y ) = 4 x 2 + y 2

All points in the x y -plane

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f ( x , y ) = x 2 + y 2 4

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f ( x , y ) = 4 ln ( y 2 x )

x < y 2

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g ( x , y ) = 16 4 x 2 y 2

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z ( x , y ) = y 2 x 2

All real ordered pairs in the x y -plane of the form ( a , b )

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Find the range of the functions.

g ( x , y ) = 16 4 x 2 y 2

{ z | 0 z 4 }

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V ( x , y ) = 4 x 2 + y 2

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z = y 2 x 2

The set

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For the following exercises, find the level curves of each function at the indicated value of c to visualize the given function.

z ( x , y ) = y 2 x 2 , c = 1

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z ( x , y ) = y 2 x 2 , c = 4

y 2 x 2 = 4 , a hyperbola

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g ( x , y ) = x 2 + y 2 ; c = 4 , c = 9

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g ( x , y ) = 4 x y ; c = 0 , 4

4 = x + y , a line; x + y = 0 , line through the origin

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f ( x , y ) = x y ; c = 1 ; c = −1

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h ( x , y ) = 2 x y ; c = 0 , −2 , 2

2 x y = 0 , 2 x y = −2 , 2 x y = 2 ; three lines

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f ( x , y ) = x 2 y ; c = 1 , 2

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g ( x , y ) = x x + y ; c = −1 , 0 , 2

x x + y = −1 , x x + y = 0 , x x + y = 2

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g ( x , y ) = x 3 y ; c = −1 , 0 , 2

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g ( x , y ) = e x y ; c = 1 2 , 3

e x y = 1 2 , e x y = 3

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f ( x , y ) = x 2 ; c = 4 , 9

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f ( x , y ) = x y x ; c = −2 , 0 , 2

x y x = −2 , x y x = 0 , x y x = 2

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h ( x , y ) = ln ( x 2 + y 2 ) ; c = −1 , 0 , 1

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g ( x , y ) = ln ( y x 2 ) ; c = −2 , 0 , 2

e −2 x 2 = y , y = x 2 , y = e 2 x 2

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z = f ( x , y ) = x 2 + y 2 , c = 3

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f ( x , y ) = y + 2 x 2 , c = any constant

The level curves are parabolas of the form y = c x 2 2 .

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For the following exercises, find the vertical traces of the functions at the indicated values of x and y , and plot the traces.

z = 4 x y ; x = 2

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f ( x , y ) = 3 x + y 3 , x = 1

z = 3 + y 3 , a curve in the z y -plane with rulings parallel to the x -axis
A planar version of the function y3 + 3 with results in the z axis and nothing mattering from the x axis.

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Find the domain of the following functions.

z = 100 4 x 2 25 y 2

x 2 25 + y 2 4 1

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f ( x , y , z ) = 1 36 4 x 2 9 y 2 z 2

x 2 9 + y 2 4 + z 2 36 < 1

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f ( x , y , z ) = 49 x 2 y 2 z 2

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f ( x , y , z ) = 16 x 2 y 2 z 2 3

All points in x y z -space

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f ( x , y ) = cos x 2 + y 2

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For the following exercises, plot a graph of the function.

z = f ( x , y ) = x 2 + y 2


An upward facing, gently increasing paraboloid.

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Use technology to graph z = x 2 y .


A twisted plane with corners at (1, –1, –1), (–1, –1, –1), (–1, 1, 0.5), and (1, 1, 0.5).

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Sketch the following by finding the level curves. Verify the graph using technology.

f ( x , y ) = 4 x 2 y 2

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f ( x , y ) = 2 x 2 + y 2


A downward facing, gently decreasing paraboloid.

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z = 1 + e x 2 y 2

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Describe the contour lines for several values of c for z = x 2 + y 2 2 x 2 y .

The contour lines are circles.

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Find the level surface for the functions of three variables and describe it.

w ( x , y , z ) = x 2 y + z , c = 4

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w ( x , y , z ) = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 , c = 9

x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 9 , a sphere of radius 3

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w ( x , y , z ) = x 2 + y 2 z 2 , c = −4

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w ( x , y , z ) = x 2 + y 2 z 2 , c = 4

x 2 + y 2 z 2 = 4 , a hyperboloid of one sheet

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w ( x , y , z ) = 9 x 2 4 y 2 + 36 z 2 , c = 0

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For the following exercises, find an equation of the level curve of f that contains the point P .

f ( x , y ) = 1 4 x 2 y 2 , P ( 0 , 1 )

4 x 2 + y 2 = 1 ,

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g ( x , y ) = y 2 arctan x , P ( 1 , 2 )

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g ( x , y ) = e x y ( x 2 + y 2 ) , P ( 1 , 0 )

1 = e x y ( x 2 + y 2 )

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The strength E of an electric field at point ( x , y , z ) resulting from an infinitely long charged wire lying along the y -axis is given by E ( x , y , z ) = k / x 2 + y 2 , where k is a positive constant. For simplicity, let k = 1 and find the equations of the level surfaces for E = 10 and E = 100 .

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A thin plate made of iron is located in the x y -plane. The temperature T in degrees Celsius at a point P ( x , y ) is inversely proportional to the square of its distance from the origin. Express T as a function of x and y .

T ( x , y ) = k x 2 + y 2

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Refer to the preceding problem. Using the temperature function found there, determine the proportionality constant if the temperature at point P ( 1 , 2 ) i s 50 ° C . Use this constant to determine the temperature at point Q ( 3 , 4 ) .

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Refer to the preceding problem. Find the level curves for T = 40 ° C and T = 100 ° C , and describe what the level curves represent.

x 2 + y 2 = k 40 , x 2 + y 2 = k 100 . The level curves represent circles of radii 10 k / 20 and k / 10

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Source:  OpenStax, Calculus volume 3. OpenStax CNX. Feb 05, 2016 Download for free at http://legacy.cnx.org/content/col11966/1.2
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