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Table.1.26.Properties of Elemental&Binary Compound Semiconductors at 300K.

Semiconductor Lattice Constant( a A° ) BandGap (E g eV) Band a Mobility b (cm 2 /V-s) DielectricConstant
Elemental μ n μ p ε r
Ge 5.64 0.66 I 3900 1900 16.0
Si 5.43 1.12 I 1450 450 11.9
IV-IV
SiC c 3.08 2.99 I 400 50 10.0
III-V
AlSb 6.13 1.58 I 200 420 14.4
GaAs 5.63 1.42 D 8500 400 13.1
GaP 5.45 2.26 I 110 75 11.1
GaSb 6.09 0.72 D 5000 850 15.7
InAs 6.05 0.36 D 33000 460 14.6
InP 5.86 1.35 D 4600 150 12.4
InSb 6.47 0.17 D 80000 1250 17.7
II-VI
CdS 5.83 2.42 D 340 50 5.4
CdTe 6.48 1.56 D 1050 100 10.2
ZnO 4.58 3.35 D 200 180 9.0
ZnS 5.42 3.68 D 165 5 5.2
IV-VI
PbS 5.93 0.41 I 600 700 17.0
PbTe 6.46 0.31 I 6000 4000 30.0

a I = Indirect, D = Direct;

b The values are for drift mobilities obtained in the purest and the most perfect materials available to date;

c Silicon Carbide crystallizes in the wurtzite structure.( Physics of Semiconductor Devices, S.M.Sze, 2 nd Edition, Wiley, New York, 1981.

1.11.6. BASIC CRYSTAL STRUCTURES.

The elemental semiconductors, Ge and Si, crystallize as diamond structure and most of the compound semiconductors crystallize as Zinc-Blende structure. These are variants of cubic structures.

We have three basic cubic structures: simple cube, body centered cube (bcc) and face centered cube (fcc). The side of a cube ‘a’ is known as lattice constant. The three parameters that characterize a cubic unit cell are : coordination number, the packing fraction and the nearest neighbor distance.

Polonium crystallizes as simple cube.

  • Each lattice center is occupied by one atom.
  • At each corner we have one atom and each corner atom is occupied by eight cubes. Hence unit cell has 8 corner atoms×(1/8)= 1 atom.
  • Coordination number is the number of nearest neighbor lattice site.
  • In simple cube it is 6. Four lattice sites lie in the same plane and two lie above and below the plane.
  • Packing fraction is {[(1/8)(4/3)πR 3 ]×8}/a 3 . Here a 3 is the volume of an unit cell. If we assume that the atom spheres are touching one another then R=a/2 where R is the radius of the atom. Therefore packing fraction is π/6. The nearest neighbor distance is ‘a/2’.

Sodium and Tungsten crystallize as Body Centered Cube(bcc).

  • This has one extra atom at the body center.
  • This amounts to [8 corner atoms×(1/8) + 1] = 2 atoms per cell.
  • The coordination number is 8 as the nearest neighbor atoms are the 8 body center atoms residing in the 8 unit cells surrounding each corner atom.
  • Therefore nearest neighbor distance a√3/2.
  • If we assume that the body center atom is touching the corner atom then the radius is R= a√3/4.
  • Therefore packing factor = (volume of 2 atoms)/a 3 = [2×(4/3)πR 3 ]/a 3 = [2×(4/3)π(a√3/4) 3 ]/a 3 =π√3/8= 0.68.

Aluminum, copper, gold and platinum crystallize as Face Centered Cube(fcc) .

  • Here there are no body centered atom. Instead there are 6 atoms at the center of the 6 faces of the cube.
  • This amounts to [8 corner atoms×(1/8) + 6 face atoms×(1/2) ] = 4 atoms per unit cell.
  • The corner atom lies at the intersection of 3 orthogonal planes. Each plane has four faces and each face has one atom at the center which is the nearest neighbor. Hence the coordination number is 12. Nearest neighbor distance is a√2/2 and the radius R = a√2/4. The packing factor is = (volume of 4 atoms)/a 3 = [4×(4/3)πR 3 ]/a 3 = [4×(4/3)π(a√2/4) 3 ]/a 3 = π√2/6= 0.74.

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Source:  OpenStax, Solid state physics and devices-the harbinger of third wave of civilization. OpenStax CNX. Sep 15, 2014 Download for free at http://legacy.cnx.org/content/col11170/1.89
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